Table 3.

Mammalian transcription factors regulating ATG gene expression.

Transcription factor	Effects (+, positive; – negative)	Target genesa	Ref.
ATF4	+	Atg3, Atg5, Atg10, Atg12, Atg16l1, Becn1, Gabarapl2, Map1lc3b, ULK1	[138, 139]
CREB	+	Atg2b, Atg3, Atg5, Atg7, Ulk1	[71]
DDIT3/CHOP	+	Atg5, Atg7, Atg10, Gabarap	[139]
E2F1	+	BECN1, MAP1LC3B, ULK1	[60, 62]
E2F3	+	BECN1	[60]
FOXO1	+	Atg12, Map1lc3b, Gabarapl1, Pik3c3	[37, 38]
FOXO3	+	Atg5, Atg10, Atg12, Atg14, Becn1, Map1lc3b, Pik3c3, Ulk1, Ulk2, Wipi2	[34–36]
GATA1	+	Atg4b, Atg12, Gabarap, Gabarapl1, Gabarapl2, Map1lc3a, Map1lc3b	[66]
GATA4	–	Atg5, Atg7, Atg12, Becn1	[67]
JUN	+	BECN1, MAP1LC3B	[140, 141]
KLF2	+	Atg2, Atg9, Atg13, Atg16l1, Pik3c3, Ulk1	[142]
KLF4	+	Atg2, Atg9, Atg13, Atg16l1, Pik3c3, Ulk1	[142]
MITF1	+	ATG4A, ATG9B, ATG16L1, MAP1LC3B, WIPI1	[29, 30]
NFKB	+	BECN1	[61]
NR1H4/FXR	–	Atg2a, Atg2b, Atg3, Atg5, Atg7, Atg10, Atg16l1, Gabarap, Map1lc3a, Map1lc3b, Pik3c3, Ulk1, Wipi1, Wipi2	[71, 72]
PPARA	+	Atg7, Map1lc3a, Map1lc3b, Pik3c3	[72]
SMAD2	–	Becn1	[143]
SOX2	+	BECN1	[144]
SREBF2/SREBP2	+	ATG4B, ATG4D, ATG5, ATG7, BECN1, MAP1LC3B	[145, 146]
STAT1	–	ULK1	[147]
STAT3	–	BECN1	[148]
TFE3	+	ATG3, ATG4A, ATG5, ATG9B, ATG16L1, GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2, MAP1LC3B, WIPI1	[30]
TFEB	+	ATG9B, ATG16L1, GABARAPL1, MAP1LC3B, WIPI1	[27, 30]
TP53	+ (nuclear TP53)	ATG4A, ATG4C, ATG7, ULK1, ULK2	[47, 48]
XBP1	+	BECN1	[78]
ZKSCAN3	–	MAP1LC3B, ZFYVE1/DFCP1, ULK1, WIPI2	[32]
ZNF148	+	Atg2, Atg9, Atg13, Atg16l1, Pik3c3, Ulk1	[142]

^aBased on convention, human genes are indicated with all uppercase letters and mouse genes with only the first letter capitalized.