Table 1.

List of compounds that regulate both autophagy and longevity.

Pharmacological agent/Compounds	Mechanism of action/Impact on autophagy	Effect on health and lifespan	References
Acetylsalicylic acid and derivatives (C8-SA)	Anti-inflammation effect, autophagy induction by inhibition of EP300/p300; Activation of mitochondria unfolded protein response	Increase lifespan of genetically heterogeneous male mice; Increase lifespan in worms	[86, 87]
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG)	Reduce mTOR activation by inhibiting ATP synthase	Prolong lifespan in worms and flies, but reduces reproduction	[144]
Cannabidiol	SIRT1-dependent autophagy induction	Prolong lifespan and increased neuronal health in worms	[145]
Flavonoid 4,4′-dimethoxychalcone (DMC)	Induces autophagy in an mTOR-independent manner, but depends on GATA transcription factors	Increase lifespan of yeast, worm and flies	[146]
Ganoderma lucidum, dietary supplements	Induce autophagy in an mTOR-dependent manner and stress resistance by reducing the levels of Fibrilarin 1(FIB-1) and LGG-1	Increase longevity in worms and human cells	[147]
Glucosamine (GlcN)	Promotes autophagy via an mTOR-independent manner	Extend lifespan in nematodes	[148, 149]
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)	Inhibition of EP300/p300 and activation of autophagy	Increase lifespan in flies and mice	[150]
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)	Activation of autophagy via Insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway	Extends lifespan in worms by 31%	[151]
Metformin	Promote autophagy via AMPK	Extends lifespan in nematodes and mice	[152]
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), dietary supplements	Increase autophagy and mitophagy	Increase lifespan in worms, flies and mice	[153]
Rapamycin	Autophagy induction by direct inhibition of mTOR	Extends lifespan in worms, flies and mice	[154]
Resveratrol	SIRT1-dependent autophagy induction	Improve longevity in yeast, worms, flies and mice	[155]
SGLT2 Inhibitors	Mimics calorie restriction by inducing glycosuria. Promotes upregulation of AMPK, SIRT1 and mTOR inhibition	Appear to be a promising treatment extending longevity and reduce oxidative stress	[156]
Shatavarin IV	Via eat-2 activation promotes autophagy by promoting the expression of autophagy-related genes expression in an mTOR-dependent manner	On dietary restriction prolonged lifespan	[157]
Spermidine	Autophagy induction, reduce inflammation, lipid metabolism, regulation of cell growth, proliferation and cell death	Prolong median lifespan of female mice	[158]
Verapamil	Inhibition of calcineurin activity and activation of autophagy	Prolong lifespan, improve health span and delay senescence in worms	[159]