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. 2023 Jun 6;14:3168. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38832-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a General schematic of the pipeline. Extrusion-based bioprinting is used to deposit single-layer Matrigel constructs into a 96-well plate (Day 0). Organoid model establishment and growth (Day 0–3) can be monitored through brightfield imaging. After treatment (Day 3), the well plate is transferred to the high-speed live cell interferometer for phase imaging (Day 3–6). Coherent light illuminates the bioprinted construct and a phase image is obtained. Organoids are tracked up to three days using the HSLCI and changes in organoid mass are measured to observe response to treatment. b Total number of tracks (left) and mean number ± SD of tracks per well (right) for cell clusters from each cell line at four time points (t = 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment). The total number of tracks across replicate wells treated with vehicle (1% DMSO) was 921 for MCF-7 (n = 12 wells) and 438 for BT-474 (n = 12 wells) c Mass distribution at four time points (t = 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment). Black bars represent the mean with error bars representing the standard deviation. Mean and standard deviation calculated based on n = 804, 855, 859, 803 for MCF-7 and n = 421, 420, 423, 402 for BT-474 cell clusters at t = 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. d Hourly growth rate (percent mass change per hour) of tracked MCF-7 (left) and BT-474 (right) cultured in 1% DMSO. Data presented as mean ± SEM for each hour calculated based on growth rate data for n = 921 MCF-7 and n = 438 BT-474 tracked clusters. e Representative HSLCI-acquired phase images at four time points (t = 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment). Brightfield images taken immediately before treatment are shown on the left. f Calculated mass of each representative organoid over time. Source data is provided as a Source Data file.