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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Psychopharmacol. 2022 Dec 7;37(8):802–808. doi: 10.1177/02698811221140006

Table 2.

Bivariable and multivariable correlates of major adverse effect or death.

Less than major effect n (%) Major effect or death n (%) aPR (95% CI)
Age
 13–19 71 (16.1) 12 (10.4) Ref
 20–29 149 (33.7) 40 (34.8) 1.30 (0.68–2.48)
 30–39 118 (26.7) 29 (25.2) 1.21 (0.62–2.38)
 ⩾40 104 (23.5) 34 (29.6) 1.49 (0.75–2.99)
Sex
 Male 260 (57.5) 77 (67.0) Ref
 Female 192 (42.5) 38 (33.0) 0.72 (0.47–1.11)
Reason
 Intentional misuse or abuse 193 (41.0) 50 (43.5)a Ref
 Suspected suicide attempt 106 (22.5) 30 (26.1) 1.01 (0.63–1.63)
 Unintentional exposure 89 (18.9) 11 (9.6) 0.58 (0.29–1.16)
 Adverse reaction 40 (8.5) 8 (7.0) 0.67 (0.31–1.46)
 Intentional unknown 19 (4.0) 11 (9.6) 1.73 (0.92–3.25)
 Other reason 24 (5.1) 5 (4.4) 0.96 (0.38–2.39)
Co-drug use
 Benzodiazepines 81 (17.2) 19 (16.5) 0.70 (0.41–1.19)
 Alcohol 49 (10.4) 16 (13.9) 1.12 (0.62–2.03)
 Opioids 36 (7.6) 23 (20.0)c 2.44 (1.46–4.08)b
 Cocaine 24 (5.1) 11 (9.6) 1.43 (0.69–2.96)
 Cannabis 25 (5.3) 7 (6.1) 1.20 (0.53–2.69)
 Amphetamine 11 (2.3) 4 (3.5) 1.18 (0.43–3.20)
 Methamphetamine 9 (1.9) 3 (2.6) 1.88 (0.55–6.50)
 Other phenethylamines 18 (3.8) 3 (2.6) 0.59 (0.16–2.08)
 GHB 3 (0.6) 8 (7.0)c 3.43 (1.57–7.46)b
Route of administration
 Other 84 (20.2) 12 (11.5)b Ref
 Ingestion only 186 (44.7) 59 (56.7) 1.67 (0.83–3.35)
 Injection only 64 (15.4) 24 (23.1) 2.68 (1.21–5.92)a
 Inhalation only 82 (19.7) 9 (8.7) 0.87 (0.30–2.48)

Note. Other route of administration consists of dermal or other route or routes in combination with inhalation, injection, or ingestion. Bivariable tests are based on case-complete data and the multivariable model is based on imputed data. The multivariable model controlled for year.

aPR: adjusted prevalence ratio; CI: confidence interval; GHB: gamma-hydroxybutyrate.

a

p < 0.05,

b

p < 0.01,

c

p < 0.001.