Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the studies included.
| Author, year | Country | Setting | Total sample size | Age at baseline; median (Q1–Q3) | % of females | %HIV | Stool processing method | Reference standard | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | Assay | ||||||||
| Ainan et al. (17) | Tanzania | Health Center | 225 | 2.17 (1.16–5.19) | 47.1 | 6.5 | Homemade centrifuge free method | Sputum and nasogastric aspirate | Culture and NAAT |
| Banada et al. (18) | South Africa | Hospital | 38 | NR | 55 | 42 | Snap vortexing with stool processing buffer | Induced sputum and nasogastric aspirate | NAAT |
| Chipinduro et al. (19) | Zimbawe | Hospital | 218 | 11 (9–13) | 55 | 5.96 | Stool processed using the MP Fast DNA kit for soil with a 6-minute homogenization via bead-beating disruption | Sputum | Culture, Xpert MTB/RIF and smear microscopy |
| DiNardo et al. (20) | Eswatini | Health Center | 38 | 6.8 (NR) | 65 | 32 | Stool processed using the MP Fast DNA kit for soil with a 6-min homogenization via bead-beating disruption | Sputum | Culture |
| Dubale et al. (21) | Ethiopia | Hospital | 152 | 3 (0.58–14) | 51.3 | NR | Single step, centrifuge-free protocol adapted from KNCV TB foundation (13) | Sputum and nasogastric aspirate | Culture, Xpert MTB/RIF and smear microscopy |
| Lacourse et al. (22) | Kenya | Hospital | 164 | 2 (13–58) | 43.4 | 100 | Sedimentation based method with centrifugation | Sputum and nasogastric aspirate | Culture and Xpert MTB/RIF |
| Moussa et al. (23) | Egypt | Hospital | 115 | NR | 40.33 | 0 | Sedimentation based method with centrifugation | Sputum | Culture |
| Nicol et al. (24) | South Africa | Health Center | 115 | 2.58 (19–57) | NR | 14.8 | Supernatant-based method with centrifugation | Induced sputum and nasogastric aspirate | Culture |
| Orikiriza et al. (25) | Uganda | Hospital | 392 | NR | 45.5 | 31.2 | Sedimentation based method with centrifugation | Sputum | Culture |
| Orikiriza et al. (26) | Uganda | Hospital | 219 | 1.36 (9.7–29.7) | 48.9 | 32 | Sedimentation based method with centrifugation | Any sample (excluding stool) | Culture and Xpert MTB/RIF |
| De Haas et al. (13) | Ethiopia | Hospital | 123 | NR | NR | NR | Single step, centrifuge-free protocol adapted from KNCV TB foundation (13) | Sputum and nasogastric aspirate | Culture and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra |
| Song et al. (27) | Kenya | Mixed | 294 | 2 (1–3.6) | 50.3 | 23 | Not described | Sputum | Culture and Xpert MTB/RIF |
| Walters et al. (28) | South Africa | Hospital | 259 | 1.29 (0.88–2.4) | 43.6 | 12.5 | Sedimentation based method with centrifugation | Sputum | Culture and Xpert MTB/RIF |
NR, not reported.