. 2023 May 24;10:1144677. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1144677

Table 1.

According to the group and sub-group, polyphenolic compounds in by-products of the food industry, and the main effects are reported in studies in vitro e in vivo.

Chemical class	Chemical sub-class	Polyphenolic compounds	Molecular formula	By-products/peel: possible source for extraction	Reported effects	Reference
Phenolic acid	Hydroxybenzoic acids	Gallic acid 4-O-glucoside	C₁₃H₁₆O₁₀	Apple, apricot, grapefruit, mango, orange, passionfruit, pear, pineapple, plum, pomegranate, jaboticaba	Benefits for the cardiovascular system (hypertension, atherosclerosis, and dyslipidemia).	(138)
		Protocatechuic acid 4-O-glucoside	C₁₃H₁₆O₉	Apple, apricot, banana, grapefruit, kiwifruit, mango, orange, passionfruit, pear, pineapple, plum, pomegranate, papaya, coffee	Beneficial effect of regulating blood lipids Higher antioxidant capacity Attenuate changes induced by high-fat diet in rats	(139, 140)
		Vanillic acid 4-sulfate	C₈H₈O₇S	Mango, pear, kiwifruit	Action on intestinal barrier and urinary epithelium	(141)
		Ellagic acid arabinoside	C₁₉H₁₄O₁₂	Orange	Antimicrobial properties against a wide range of microbial pathogens Neuroprotective potential	(142–144)
	Hydroxycinnamic acids	Caffeoyl tartaric acid	C₁₃H₁₂O₉	Plum, mango, orange, passionfruit	Antibacterial potential and Antioxidant Capacity	(145)
		Isoferulic acid 3-sulfate	C₁₀H₁₀O₇S	Plum	Antioxidant potential	(146)
		Ferulic acid 4-O-glucoside	C₁₆H₂₀O₉	Apricot, kiwifruit, mango, nectarine, pineapple, plum, pomegranate, avocado, custard apple, papaya	Antioxidant and potential pharmaceutical properties	(147)
		Caffeic acid 3-O-glucuronide	C₁₅H₁₆O₁₀	Custard apple, grapefruit, orange, kiwifruit, pineapple, dragon fruit	Antioxidant properties	(148)
	Hydroxy phenylacetic acids	3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	C₈H₈O₄	Apple, apricot, custard apple, grapefruit, mango, melon, nectarine, peach, orange, pear, passionfruit, plum, pomegranate, avocado	Relax arteries ex vivo and decrease blood pressure in vivo	(149)
	Hydroxy phenyl propanoic acids	Dihydroferulic acid 4-sulfate	C₁₀H₁₂O₇S	Avocado	Antioxidant potential	(150)
Flavonoids	Flavonols	(−)-Epigallocatechin	C₁₅H₁₄O₇	Avocado	Cellular targets and inhibits cancer cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.	(151)
		Cinnamtannin A2	C₆0H₅₀O₂₄	Custard apple, kiwifruit, plum, avocado, dragon fruit, pine bark, grape	Improve cognitive function	(152)
		(+)-Catechin 3-O-gallate	C₂₂H₁₈O₁₀	Kiwifruit, pear, avocado	Chemoprotective mechanism reduce oxidative stress	(153, 154)
	Flavones	Apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucoside	C₂₇H₃₀O₁₅	Apple, apricot, grapefruit, kiwifruit, orange, papaya, passionfruit, peach, plum, lime, melon	Antioxidant activity	(155)
	Flavanones	Narirutin	C₂₇H₃₂O₁₄	Apple, nectarine, dragon fruit, lime	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities	(156)
	Flavanones	Hesperidin	C₂₈H₃₄O₁₅	Lime	Inhibitory effect against obesity diseases regulates lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and antioxidant action. Neuroprotective effect	(157, 158)
	Flavonols	Myricetin 3-O-rutinoside	C₂₇H₃₀O₁₇	Lime, mango, nectarine, peach, passion fruit, avocado	- Antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities - Anticancer effects	(159, 160)
		Quercetin 3’-O-glucuronide	C₂₁H₁₈O₁₃	Lime, orange, pomegranate, kiwifruit	Effective in ameliorating endothelial insulin resistance by inhibiting reactive oxygen species-associated inflammation. Promotes the proliferation and migration of neural stem cells	(161, 162)
		Myricetin 3-O-galactoside	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₃	Banana, orange, pomegranate	- Antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities - Anticancer effects	(159, 160)
		Kaempferol 3,7-O-diglucoside	C₂₇H₃₀O₁₆	Apple, apricot, nectarine, peach, orange, passion fruit, plum, lime, papaya, beans, broccoli, cabbage, gooseberries, grapes, kale, strawberries, tomatoes, citrus fruits, Brussel sprouts, grapefruit	-Prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. - Chronic inflammation-induced diseases, anticancer, and anti-obesity. - Antioxidant properties	(163–166)
	Dihydrochalcones	3-Hydroxyphloretin 2’-O-xylosyl-glucoside	C₂₆H₃₂O₁₅	Apple, mango, pear, pineapple	Antioxidant properties	(167, 168)
	Dihydroflavonols	Dihydroquercetin	C₁₅H₁₂O₇	Custard apple, kiwifruit, mango, peach, pear, papaya	Antioxidant properties	(168, 169)
	Anthocyanins	Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside	C₂₁H₂₁O₁₂	Custard apple, avocado, kiwifruit, papaya, pomegranate, jaboticaba, grape	Activate the immune response in the tumor microenvironment (human colorectal cancer cells) and induce cancer cell death in vitro. Inhibits angiogenesis via VEGFR- 2* down-regulation and migration through actin disruption. Antiproliferative effect on several types of solid tumor cancer cells.	(170–172)
		Cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside	C₂₇H₃₁O₁₆	Avocado, custard apple, kiwifruit, lime, papaya, peach, dragon fruit, blackberry, grape, strawberry, jaboticaba	Activate the immune response in the tumor microenvironment (human colorectal cancer cells) and induce cancer cell death in vitro. Antioxidant activity	(170, 173)
		Pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside	C₂₇H₃₁O₁₄	Lime	Hyperglycemic control Antioxidant properties	(174, 175)
Lignans	Secoisolariciresinol-sesquilignan		C3₀H₃₈O₁₀	Avocado, custard apple	Antioxidant capacity	(176, 177)
Stilbenes	Resveratrol		C₁₄H₁₂O₃	Custard fruit, avocado, dragon fruit, blackberry, grape	Regulates immunity by interfering with immune cell regulation and proinflammatory cytokines. Potentially improve the therapeutic outcome: diabetes mellitus, obesity, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, and rhinopharyngitis	(178, 179)

VEGFR-2: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2.