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Bioactivities of polysaccharides (anticoagulation, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory). PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; ROS, reactive oxygen species; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2.
