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Prebiotic effects of polysaccharides toward gut microbial modulation. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; VH/CD, villus height/crypt depth; CAZymes, carbohydrate-active enzymes; SCFA, short-chain fatty acids; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; PYY, peptide tyrosine; IL-2, interleukin-2; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.
