FIGURE 1.

Overview of mitochondrial dysfunctions during CI/RI. Mitochondria are the most susceptible organelle to CI/RI. ATP consumption, glucose/O₂ deprivation, burst of ROS, Ca²⁺ overload, excitotoxicity, inflammatory response and other consequences of CI/RI could trigger mitochondrial dysfunctions including mitochondrial oxidative stress, Ca²⁺ overload, iron dyshomeostasis, mitochondrial DNA defects, mitochondrial quality control disruption as well as mitochondrial-induced PCDs. These cellular processes ultimately lead to the death of neuron.