TABLE 1.

Hallmarks of four types of programmed cell death (PCD).

	Pyroptosis	Apoptosis	Necroptosis	Ferroptosis
Morphological changes	Cellular swelling, membrane rupture, and cellular contents flowing out	Wrinkled cells, nuclear condensation, cell membrane ectropion, and apoptotic body formation	Cell enlargement, cellular swelling, and membrane rupture	Shrunken mitochondria, mitochondrial membrane condensation, mitochondria crista reduction, and outer mitochondrial membrane rupture, and mitochondria fragment
Signaling pathway	Pyroptosis pathway: caspase1-dependent pyroptosis and caspase1-independent pyroptosis	Apoptosis pathway: extrinsic pathway (receptor-mediated) and intrinsic pathway (mitochondria-mediated); p53-mediated apoptosis pathway	Necroptosis pathway and TNF pathway	Ferroptosis pathway and p53 pathway
Inhibitors	VX765 (Chen Y. et al., 2022)	Z-VAD FMK (Yu et al., 2022)	Necrostatin-1 (Dong et al., 2022)	Ferrostatin-1 (Liu et al., 2020c), liproxstatin-1 (Fan et al., 2021), DFO (Shen et al., 2022)
Key regulators	GSDMD, caspase-1/4/5/11, IL-1β, and IL-18	Fas/TNFR/TRAILR, caspase-3/8/9, Bax/Bcl-2, Cyt C, and APAF-1	RIP1, RIP3, MLKL, and Fas/TNFR	GPX4, JAK, SLC7A11, ACSL4, FPN, p53, and NADPH oxidase
Mitochondrial dysfunction	ROS and Ca2+ overload	Cyt C releases, BAX/BAK, and Bcl family protein interact	ROS burst, Drp1 activation, and mitochondrial fisson	Mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and Ca2+ overload