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. 2023 May 24;14:1180931. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1180931

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Copyright © 2023 Jose-Abrego, Roman, Laguna-Meraz, Rebello-Pinho, Justo Arevalo and Panduro.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Potential routes of HBV spread in the Americas. (A) The pre-genotype F/H arrived in North America 15,439.6 Years Before Present (YBP) and split into two main lineages. Archaeological evidence suggests that the first HBV lineage reached the highlands of Peru at 9022 YBP. At the same time, the second lineage originated the genotypes F and H 8140 YBP. Populations carrying the genotype H remained in Mexico, while the genotype F carriers continued to travel until reaching South America. (B) Theoretical distribution of the genotype H considering the main cultures in Mesoamerica when the genotype H emerged 2070.9 YBP.