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Ozone (O3) can generate hydroxyl radical (OH-) and oxygen (O2), which could induce a reactive oxygen species (ROS) anticancer effect and relieve hypoxia. On the one hand, oxygen relieves hypoxia that could inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) generation and angiogenesis; on the other hand, an OH-associated high-level ROS can block the activation of the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE and AMPK/FOXO/mTOR/Sir1 pathways, which could inhibit cancer initiation.
