Table 1.
Characteristics of the REM‐HF cohort.
| NGT (N = 23) | NGT + CHF (N = 48) | Prediabetes + CHF (N = 83) | T2D + CHF (N = 56) | Prediabetes + CHF + CKD (N = 34) | T2D + CHF + CKD (N = 16) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.61 ± 2.91 | 60.23 ± 2.27 | 61.83 ± 1.38* | 62.38 ± 1.47* | 72.06 ± 2.16# | 72.50 ± 2.68# |
| Sex (female %) | 47.83 | 38.78 | 18.07+ | 19.64* | 41.18 | 43.75 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.92 ± 0.82 | 23.53 ± 0.53 | 25.28 ± 0.47 | 25.29 ± 0.53 | 23.25 ± 0.67 | 24.85 ± 0.95 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.83 ± 3.46 | 127.19 ± 3.07 | 132.88 ± 2.40 | 130.79 ± 3.62 | 130.65 ± 4.71 | 132.12 ± 5.81 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.13 ± 2.41 | 71.54 ± 1.91 | 77.72 ± 1.75 | 77.02 ± 1.97 | 74.38 ± 3.16 | 78.25 ± 2.57 |
| Albumin (g/l) | 40.26 ± 0.65 | 37.60 ± 0.65* | 36.83 ± 0.57+ | 37.36 ± 0.58+ | 34.50 ± 0.93# | 36.69 ± 1.33* |
| hsCRP (mg/l) | 2.90 ± 1.38 | 4.18 ± 1.38 | 11.71 ± 3.09 | 15.24 ± 3.86+ | 23.99 ± 10.77# | 6.05 ± 1.65* |
| Lymphocyte (×109/l) | 1.89 ± 0.09 | 2.40 ± 0.80 | 1.72 ± 0.07 | 1.22 ± 0.07* | 1.65 ± 0.08# | 1.44 ± 0.15+ |
| White blood cells (×109/l) | 5.95 ± 0.33 | 7.17 ± 0.87 | 7.02 ± 0.24* | 7.55 ± 0.32+ | 6.26 ± 0.40 | 7.18 ± 0.57 |
| Lipid metabolism (mmol/l) | ||||||
| FFA | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 0.54 ± 0.02* | 0.59 ± 0.03+ | 0.63 ± 0.04+ | 0.77 ± 0.08+ |
| HDLc | 1.24 ± 0.07 | 1.17 ± 0.04 | 1.06 ± 0.03* | 1.10 ± 0.04 | 1.02 ± 0.05* | 1.05 ± 0.09 |
| LDLc | 2.89 ± 0.19 | 2.54 ± 0.12 | 2.52 ± 0.09 | 2.47 ± 012 | 2.37 ± 0.18* | 1.78 ± 0.14# |
| TG | 1.41 ± 0.11 | 1.42 ± 0.08 | 1.33 ± 0.07 | 1.55 ± 0.15 | 1.10 ± 0.06* | 1.26 ± 0.10 |
| TC | 4.59 ± 0.24 | 4.19 ± 0.14 | 4.03 ± 012* | 4.07 ± 0.16 | 3.72 ± 0.22+ | 3.17 ± 0.20# |
| Glucose metabolism (mmol/l) | ||||||
| Fasting glucose | 5.03 ± 0.10 | 4.75 ± 0.07* | 5.49 ± 0.08+ | 7.61 ± 0.41# | 5.76 ± 0.14# | 7.34 ± 0.66# |
| 2 h Glucose | 6.02 ± 0.16 | 6.19 ± 0.13 | 8.89 ± 0.13# | 12.95 ± 0.47# | 8.50 ± 0.24# | 13.82 ± 1.04# |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 7.44 ± 0.64 | 7.71 ± 1.03 | 8.97 ± 0.62 | 17.75 ± 4.85 | 8.11 ± 0.77 | 15.48 ± 3.37* |
| 2 h Insulin (pmol/l) | 28.47 ± 4.06 | 40.42 ± 5.02 | 76.10 ± 6.69# | 84.56 ± 14.37# | 66.32 ± 10.23+ | 102.35 ± 26.19# |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.39 ± 0.04 | 5.35 ± 0.04 | 6.12 ± 0.07# | 7.23 ± 0.19# | 5.90 ± 0.08# | 7.00 ± 0.29# |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.68 ± 0.16 | 1.67 ± 0.24 | 2.24 ± 0.16 | 5.96 ± 1.42+ | 2.11 ± 0.22 | 5.90 ± 2.20+ |
| QUICKI | 0.16 ± 0.003 | 0.16 ± 0.003 | 0.15 ± 0.002 | 0.14 ± 0.003+ | 0.15 ± 0.003 | 0.14 ± 0.004+ |
| Adipose‐IR | 3.25 ± 0.35 | 3.11 ± 0.34 | 4.92 ± 0.38* | 8.65 ± 2.22+ | 5.02 ± 0.60 | 12.36 ± 3.43+ |
| TyG index | 8.57 ± 0.08 | 8.51 ± 0.06 | 8.57 ± 0.05 | 8.94 ± 0.08+ | 8.47 ± 0.07 | 8.81 ± 0.11 |
| Heart function | ||||||
| LVEF (%) | 65.78 ± 1.36 | 44.81 ± 1.89# | 42.55 ± 1.35# | 41.16 ± 1.711# | 46.62 ± 2.30# | 44.12 ± 3.62# |
| NT‐proBNP (μg/l) | 0.31 ± 0.14 | 2.52 ± 0.46# | 2.88 ± 0.45# | 2.93 ± 0.62# | 7.74 ± 1.68# | 5.18 ± 1.50# |
| Myoglobin (ng/ml) | 21.87 ± 2.51 | 35.07 ± 2.74# | 36.52 ± 2.65# | 116.61 ± 70.56+ | 83.21 ± 14.94# | 54.94 ± 6.65# |
| TnI (μg/l) | 0.59 ± 0.55 | 0.10 ± 0.04* | 0.55 ± 0.37+ | 1.63 ± 0.98+ | 3.30 ± 2.87# | 0.24 ± 0.17+ |
| Kidney function | ||||||
| BUN (mmol/l) | 5.19 ± 0.30 | 5.97 ± 0.26 | 6.56 ± 0.20+ | 6.75 ± 0.29# | 11.56 ± 1.09+ | 10.51 ± 0.88# |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 69.43 ± 2.95 | 79.45 ± 2.49* | 84.95 ± 1.76# | 80.09 ± 2.42+ | 160.12 ± 25.79# | 128.06 ± 7.86# |
| CystatinC (mg/l) | 0.93 ± 0.03 | 1.17 ± 0.04# | 1.23 ± 0.03# | 1.14 ± 0.03# | 1.98 ± 0.20# | 1.72 ± 0.12# |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.72 m2) | 96.31 ± 2.70 | 86.97 ± 2.53+ | 82.36 ± 1.60# | 85.23 ± 2.73+ | 42.02 ± 2.58# | 46.42 ± 2.72# |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 316.91 ± 13.92 | 400.45 ± 15.60# | 412.23 ± 13.61# | 399.73 ± 16.39+ | 498.74 ± 32.60# | 487.62 ± 34.15# |
Values reported as mean ± SE. For continuous variables, the Wilcox rank‐sum test was used. For categorical variables, the chi‐squared test was used. *P < 0.05, + P < 0.01, # P < 0.001 versus the NGT group. Adipose‐IR, adipose insulin resistance; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FFA, free fatty acid; HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin; HDLc, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity c‐reactive protein; LDLc, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TnI, troponin I; TyG index, triglyceride‐glucose index.