Table 2.

Literature on policy/political studies of RE-based OGPS in WA

Ref	Aim	Methods	Findings
Akom et al. [59]	Develop an integrated energy planning (IEP) framework for Ghana to promote renewable energy integration and energy efficiency. Analyse the various barriers to renewable energy development in Ghana.	Content analysis of issues, challenges of renewable energy integration. Use of LEAP for a case study: energy projection modelling from 2017 to 2050	Many of the barriers are manifested at the implementation phase. The overall results of this study propose 40% of non-conventional renewable energy resources into the country's energy mix, energy efficiency promotion in both demand and transmission, and the utilization of RES integration to save the nation up to about 40% CO2 emissions reduction.
Atubuga & Tuokuu [60]	Critical appraisal of the renewable energy law in Ghana	Desktop review approach complemented with analysis of government policy documents	Institutional weakness, ambiguous regulatory frameworks, implementation challenges, lack of proper planning and coordination, and dependencies on donor support are responsible for the poor development of renewable energy in Ghana.
Agyekum et al. [55]	Examine opportunities and challenges to Ghana's renewable energy environment using PESTLE analysis	AHP used to rank the various indicators from 20 experts	Geographical location and availability of RE resources were ranked as the highest opportunity. High cost of capital and volatile foreign currency exchange rate contributed to 53% of challenges to RE development.
Akinyele et al. [62]	Comprehensively review microgrid technologies and their applications	Used the social, technical, economic and policy (STEEP) model to critically examine the failure factors with Nigeria as a case study.	Lack of adequate considerations for the enabling factors is the main reason microgrids fail in several off-grid communities.
Liu et al. [29]	Review of challenges, opportunities and applicability of microgrid technology for rural electrification with emphasis on Sub-Saharan Africa	Exploratory approach to find relevant literature on microgrids in SSA	SSA has made progress towards implementing RE-based microgrids but adequate support via policy and proper planning of project implementation is seen as the two major challenges.