Appendix 1.
Summary of results of included studies.
| NO | Author | Year | Country | Study Design | Population | Breastfeeding initiation (%) |
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) (%) |
Other factors associated with initiation of breast feeding and exclusive breastfeeding | Notable findings | Summary of Critical Appraisal |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 1 hour | >1 hour-24 hour | At hospital discharge | 1 month | 3 months | 6 months | |||||||||
| 1 | Pai et al [48] | 1999 | India | Cross sectional | CS = 95 VB = 115 (Data 1997) | CS = 23.0 VB = 57.0 | CS = 44.0 VB = 51.0 | Prelacteal feed | Moderate quality | |||||
| 2 | Leung et al [20] | 2002 | Hongkong | Cohort | CS = 2,084 VB = 5,593 (Data 1997) | CS = 21.8 VB = 62.6 | Mother age, education, and smoking status, rooming-in, skin to skin | Delayed psychologic reaction of childbirth experience effect the length of breastfeeding period | Moderate quality | |||||
| 3 | Patel et al [19] | 2003 | England | Cohort | CS = 209 VB = 184 (Data 1999-2000) | CS = 70.8 VB = 67.9 | CS = 47.8 VB = 40.6 | Inpatient stay, health providers support | Women after CS who had a longer hospital stay was associated with a higher rate of exclusive breastfeeding | High quality | ||||
| 4 | Butler et al [36] | 2004 | New Zealand | Cohort | CS = 185 VB = 1,062 (Data 2000) | CS = 73.0 VB = 83.1 | Maternal smoking, employment status, twin birth, ANC visit | home visits by a traditional healer have negative associate with exclusive breastfeeding practice. | Moderate quality | |||||
| 5 | Pechlivani et al [37] | 2005 | Greece | Cross sectional | CS = 608 VB = 974 (Data 2001) | CS = 32.7 VB = 67.0 | Mother age, education, and work status, parity, birth of weight, rooming in, knowledgeable | Rooming in have positive effect on exclusive breastfeeding practice. | Moderate quality | |||||
| 6 | Khassawneh et al [21] | 2006 | Jordan | Cross sectional | CS = 46 VB = 296 (Data 2003) | CS = 37.0 VB = 61.5 | Mother employment status | a social culture that restricts breastfeeding in public | Moderate quality | |||||
| 7 | Chien et al [17] | 2007 | Taiwan | Cohort | CS = 699 VB = 1,365 (Data 2002) | CS = 7.6 VB = 19.0 | CS = 14.2 VB = 19.6 | CS = 22.4 VB = 31.6 | CS = 20.7 VB = 28.8 | Mother age, education, partner support, myth | culture believe has a negative impact on exclusive breastfeeding | Moderate quality | ||
| 8 | Liston et al [49] | 2007 | Canada | Cohort | CS = 27,263 VB = 115,666 (Data 1988-2002) | CS = 57.1 VB = 58.9 | Moderate quality | |||||||
| 9 | Chung et al [50] | 2008 | Korea | Cross sectional | CS = 521 VB = 344 (Data 2000-2003) | CS = 39.8 VB = 64.0 a | Mother employment status, birth maturity, parity, ANC visit (breastfeeding counselling), myth, cosmetic. | Some women In Korea refuse to breastfeed because of cosmetic or sexual reasons | Moderate quality | |||||
| 10 | Nakao et al [44] | 2008 | Japan | Cross sectional | CS= 55 VB = 263 (Data 2003) | CS = 9.0 VB = 66.9 | Postpartum hemorrhage, premature birth, skin to skin, prelacteal feed | First breastfeeding timing should be extended to within 120 minutes. |
Moderate quality | |||||
| 11 | Pérez-Ríos et al [51] | 2008 | Puerto Rico | Cross sectional | CS = 598 VB = 1,097 (Data 1990-1996) | CS = 62.0 VB = 66.0 a | Marital status, mother employment status, education, health providers support | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 12 | Al-Sahab et al [22] | 2010 | Canada | Cohort | CS = 1,456 VB = 4,146 (Data 2006) | CS = 11.5 VB = 14.6 | Mother education, BMI, smoking status, mother employment, parity, prelacteal feed | Back to work is the reason for cease breastfeeding | Moderate quality | |||||
| 13 | Chalmers et al [14] | 2010 | Canada | Cross sectional | CS = 2,246 VB = 6,296 (Data 2006) | CS = 89.7 VB = 90.5 | CS = 89.7 VB = 90.5 | CS = 12.5 VB = 15.1 | Skin to skin, health providers support, prelacteal feed | Early contact of maternal infant increases the breastfeeding practice | Moderate quality | |||
| 14 | Zanardo et al [5] | 2010 | Italy | Cohort | CS = 677 VB = 1,496 (Data 2007) | CS = 2.7 VB = 71.5 | CS = 73.9 VB = 87.8 | CS = 55.3 VB = 69.9 | CS = 45.1 VB = 59.0 | Moderate quality | ||||
| 15 | Setegn et al.[38] | 2011 | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | CS = 18 VB = 557 (Data 2010) | CS = 33.3 VB = 53.5 | PNC visit (breastfeeding counselling) | Traditional practice on baby feeding hinder early initiation of breastfeeding | Moderate quality | |||||
| 16 | Ahluwalia et al [15] | 2012 | United States of America | Cohort | CS = 852 VB = 2,174 (Data 2005-2006) | CS = 82.4 VB = 86.3 | Mothers with planned CS have prepared themselves on postpartum care and breastfeeding which increase breastfeeding practice | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 17 | Liu et al [52] | 2012 | China | Cohort | CS = 22,462 VB = 409,242 (Data 1993-2006) | CS = 89.7 VB = 92.4 | Biological mechanisms after CS associate with low breastfeeding practice | High quality | ||||||
| 18 | Watt et al [53] | 2012 | Canada | Cohort | CS = 826 VB = 1,668 (Data 2006-2008) | CS = 92.7 VB = 92.1 a | Health providers support and community | Community promoting breastfeeding is part of the breastfeeding successful | Moderate quality | |||||
| 19 | Berhe et al [54] | 2013 | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | CS = 24 VB = 264 (Data 2011) | CS = 33.3 VB = 86.7 | Health workers are more focused on cleaning after childbirth than breastfeeding, causing delayed of initiation of breastfeeding | High quality | ||||||
| 20 | Albokhary et al [55] | 2014 | Saudi Arabia | Cross sectional | CS = 30 VB = 30 (Data 2011) | CS = 0.0 VB = 16.7 | CS = 60.0 VB = 96.7 | Prelacteal feed, skin to skin, rooming in | Mother-baby separated after CS and give formula milk is the common practice in Saudi Arabia | Moderate quality | ||||
| 21 | Seid et al [56] | 2014 | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | CS = 91 VB = 728 (Data 2012) | CS = 63.3 VB = 89.9 | ANC visit (breastfeeding counselling), knowledgeable | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 22 | Berde et al [57] | 2016 | Nigeria | Cross sectional | CS = 263 VB = 11,508 (Data 2013) | CS = 22.4 VB = 35.1 | Parity, mother employment, baby weight | Previous breastfeeding experience give positive effect on initiation of breastfeeding | High quality | |||||
| 23 | Hobbs et al [58] | 2016 | Canada | Cohort | CS = 739 VB = 2,279 (Data 2008) | CS = 96.8 VB = 98.2 | Health provider support | High quality | ||||||
| 24 | Liben et al [59] | 2016 | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | CS = 55 VB = 348 (Data 2015) | CS = 22.6 VB = 42.4 | Mother education, parity | Breastfeeding practice in Urban area higher than in rural | Moderate quality | |||||
| 25 | Tewabe et al [39] | 2016 | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | CS = 38 VB = 367 (Data 2015) | CS = 42.1 VB = 85.3 | ANC visit (breastfeeding counselling), prelacteal feed | Traditional belief on baby feeding hinders the exclusive breastfeeding practice. | Moderate quality | |||||
| 26 | Tilahun et al [60] | 2016 | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | CS = 29 VB = 380 (Data 2013) | CS = 20.7 VB = 65.8 | Family income, myth | Woman lived with extended family has a lower initiation of breastfeeding | Moderate quality | |||||
| 27 | Woldemichael et al [61] | 2016 | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | CS = 18 VB = 355 (Data 2014) | CS = 1.6 VB = 65.7 | Mother education | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 28 | Khassawneh et al [23] | 2017 | Jordan | Cross sectional | CS = 191 VB = 309 (Data 2016-2017) | CS = 24.0 VB = 39.0 | Parity, mother employment, knowledgeable | Women belief of inadequate milk supply be a reason not to breastfeed | Moderate quality | |||||
| 29 | Kiani et al [16] | 2017 | Nicaragua | Cross sectional | CS = 100 VB = 147 (Data 2015) | CS = 67.0 VB = 71.4 | CS = 10.7 VB = 14.1 | Prelacteal feed, skin to skin, myth | Early skin to skin contract improves initiation of breastfeeding | High quality | ||||
| 30 | Sharifi et al [62] | 2017 | Iran | Cross sectional | CS = 200 VB = 200 (Data 2014) | CS = 4.2 VB = 3.3 | Moderate quality | |||||||
| 31 | Wallenborn et al [63] | 2017 | United State | Cross sectional | CS = 316,008 VB = 811,530 (Data 2014) | CS = 84.1 VB = 84.9 a | Marital status, partner support | Paternity acknowledgment may associate increasing breastfeeding initiation. | Moderate quality | |||||
| 32 | Chen et al [10] | 2018 | China | Cohort | CS = 387 VB = 567 (Data 2015-2016) | CS = 37.1 VB = 80.0 | CS = 71.3 VB = 86.2 | CS = 60.0 VB = 72.5 | CS = 20.2 VB = 22.4 | Prelacteal feed, mother employment status, complementary food, myth | High quality | |||
| 33 | Belachew et al [64] | 2019 | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | CS = 185 VB = 287 (Data 2017) | CS = 71.7 VB = 78.4 | ANC visit (breastfeeding counselling) | Health professional focus on lifesaving after CS which ignore initiation of breastfeeding | Moderate quality | |||||
| 34 | Ezeh et al [65] | 2019 | ECOWAS country | Cross sectional | CS = 2,966 VB = 73,763 (Data 2010-2018) | CS = 3.5 VB = 96.3 | Parity, knowledgeable | Socio-cultural beliefs regarding gender different, which female baby are more likely to have early initiation of breastfeeding than male baby | High quality | |||||
| 35 | Gebremeskel et al [66] | 2019 | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | CS = 28 VB = 775 (Data 2018) | CS = 35.7 VB = 61.5 | Mother education | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 36 | John et al [4] | 2019 | Ethiopia | Cohort | CS = 109 VB = 4,012 (Data 2016) | CS = 1.4 VB = 98.6 | Parity | Cultural beliefs in Africa that male baby privileged to receive prelacteal which make them strong and healthy | Moderate quality | |||||
| 37 | Karim et al [24] | 2019 | Bangladesh | Cohort | CS = 778 VB = 2,384 (Data 2014) | CS = 29.1 VB = 98.6 | PNC visit (breastfeeding counselling) | High quality | ||||||
| 38 | Nguyen et al. [18] | 2019 | Vietnam | Cohort | CS = 654 VB = 1,061 (Data 2015) | CS = 4.4 VB = 54.5 | CS = 6.7 VB = 26.4 | CS = 6.0 VB = 21.8 | CS = 4.9 VB = 18.2 | CS = 0.5 VB = 2.9 | Mother employment status, mother smoking and alcohol consumed, PNC visit, health providers support, prelacteal feed, rooming in | Moderate quality | ||
| 39 | Taha et al [67] | 2019 | Abu Dhabi | Cross sectional | CS = 491 VB = 1133 (Data 2017) | CS = 43.0 VB = 71.0 | CS = 29.0 VB = 57.0 | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 40 | Hernández-Vásquez [45] | 2019 | Peru | Cross sectional | CS = 6,324 VB = 13,271 (Data 2013-2018) | CS = 11.0 VB = 71.1 | Skin to skin, mother education | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 42 | Zhang et al [11] | 2019 | China | Cohort | CS = 333 VB = 315 (Data 2011-2013) | CS = 35.7 VB = 54.9 | CS = 40.0 VB = 65.0 | CS = 20.7 VB = 29.8 | CS = 17.8 VB = 25.4 | Prelacteal feed | High quality | |||
| 42 | Ali et al [46] | 2020 | Bangladesh | Cross sectional | CS = 359 VB = 2,362 (Data 2017) | CS = 51.2 VB = 72.4 | Rooming in, skin to skin | High quality | ||||||
| 43 | Apanga et al [68] | 2020 | Ghana | Cross sectional | CS = 1,663 VB = 13,642 (Data 2017-2018) | CS = 26.6 VB = 54.6 | Baby weight | High quality | ||||||
| 44 | Chehab et al [25] | 2020 | Lebanon | Cross sectional | CS = 424 VB = 517 (Data 2011-2012) | CS = 38.5 VB = 61.5 | CS = 32.7 VB = 67.3 | Rooming in, skin to skin, obese mother | Obese mothers was shorter the duration of breastfeeding than normal weight mothers due to insufficient milk | High quality | ||||
| 45 | Gargamo et al [69] | 2020 | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | CS = 50 VB = 333 (Data 2019) | CS = 9.7 VB = 90.3 | Mother illness, ANC (breastfeeding counselling) | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 46 | Gayatri et al [40] | 2020 | Indonesia | Cross sectional | CS = 1,268 VB = 5,348 (Data 2017) | CS = 36.8 VB = 61.2 | skin to skin, birth attendance | Update the health providers’ knowledge on breastfeeding is key factor of successful breastfeeding | High quality | |||||
| 47 | Paksoy et al [70] | 2020 | Turkey | Cohort | CS = 417 VB = 360 (Data 2013) | CS = 51.6 VB = 63.9 | Mother education | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 48 | Ragusa et al [71] | 2020 | Italy | Cross sectional | CS = 1,488 VB = 2,325 (Data 2016-2018) | CS = 35.0 VB = 51.0 | Mother education, health provider support, partner support | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 49 | Seidu et al [72] | 2020 | Papua New Guinea | Cross sectional | CS = 102 VB = 3,096 (Data 2016-2018) | CS = 26.5 VB = 61.0 | Skin to skin | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 50 | Yanadar et al [73] | 2020 | Myanmar | Cross sectional | CS = 332 VB = 1174 (Data 2015-2016) | CS = 56.6 VB = 71.1 | CS = 55.9 VB = 50.9 | Birth order, ANC visit, | High quality | |||||
| 51 | Yohannes et al [74] | 2020 | Ethiopia | Cross sectional | CS = 29 VB = 304 (Data 2019) | CS = 44.8 VB = 83.8 | ANC visit, knowledgeable, mother employment status, breast condition (Normal/abnormal) | High quality | ||||||
| 52 | Appiah et al [75] | 2021 | Sub-Saharan | Cross sectional | CS = 3,051 VB = 56,987 (Data 2010-2018) | CS = 34.6 VB = 57.0 | Parity, knowledgeable, ANC visit | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 53 | Duong et al [76] | 2022 | Vietnam | Cohort | CS = 274 VB = 280 (Data 2019-2021) | CS = 24.5 VB = 57.1 | Moderate quality | |||||||
| 54 | Mary et al [77] | 2022 | India | Cross sectional | CS = 77 VB = 31 (Data 2019) | CS = 35.1 VB = 64.5 | Birth weight, knowledgeable | Moderate quality | ||||||
| 55 | Stipelman et al [78] | 2022 | United State | Cohort | CS = 727 VB = 2588 (Data 2017) | CS = 8.9 VB = 35.8 | CS = 40.1 VB = 69.3 | Breastfeeding initiation in the first 24 hours was associated with successful breastfeeding duration for all infants. | High quality | |||||
a
indicate no clear statement whether this rate of initiation of breastfeeding was within one hour after birth