Table 1.

Cell Death Programs

Type	Morphological Features	Molecular Features	Characteristic	Signaling Pathways	Effectors
Apoptosis	Cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation	Cell membrane lipid scrambling, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, genomic DNA fragmentation, translation inhibition	Noninflammatory	Initiator and effector caspase activation	Effector caspases
Necroptosis	Cell rounding up, cell swelling, explosive cell membrane rupture	Membrane ion channel formation, release of cellular contents	Inflammatory	TNFRSF—RIPK1/RIPK3, DAI—RIPK3, TLR—TRIF/RIPK3	MLKL
Pyroptosis	Membrane blebbing, cell swelling, plasma membrane rupture	Cell membrane pore formation, release of inflammatory intracellular contents, DNA fragmentation	Inflammatory	Canonical/noncanonical inflammasome, inflammatory caspase activation	Inflammatory caspases, GSDMD