Table 2.
Overview of neurobehavioral intervention-by-time effects in substance use disorders
| Author, Year | Behavior changes pre-post MBI vs. control | fMRI | Brain changes pre-to-post MBI vs. control intervention | Brain-behavior associations | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance use | Mindfulness/other | Task | Analysis | Function | Direction, region | Cohen’s d | p, correction | Z or t | ||
| Fahmy, Wasfi (26) |
Rest (eyes closed) |
Whole brain ICA (DMN) |
Connectivity | ↓ IFG (right, aDMN) |
P < .05 FDR-corrected |
Z = 4.72 |
Collapsed groups: Neg. Cor. FMI & rIFG connectivity |
|||
| Janes, Datko (28) | = Cigs/day |
Cue reactivity (nicotine vs. neutral) |
ROI (PCC) |
Activity | = PCC cue-reactivity | 0.02 |
P < .05 permutation -corrected |
|||
| Froeliger, Mathew (27) |
↓ Cigs/week = Craving & urge to smoke change (SJWQ), breath carbon monoxide |
↑ positive affect (PANAS) = negative affect (PANAS), affect (VAS) |
Emotion (positive vs. neutral) |
Whole brain | Activity | ↑ Striatum (VS/caudate), ACC (rostral/vmPFC) | 2.13–2.66 |
P < .05 montecarlo -corrected |
Z = 2.9–3.5 |
Collapsed groups: Pos. Cor. Magnitude smoking reduction, ventral striatum & rACC Neg. Cor. Urge to smoke & ventral striatum N.S. Cor. trend urge to smoke & rACC Pos. Cor. positive affect & rACC N.S. Cor. trend observed for positive affect & ventral striatum |
|
Cue reactivity (nicotine vs. neutral) |
Whole brain | Activity | ↓ Striatum (VS/caudate), ACC (rostral/vmPFC) | 1.57–1.7 | Z = 2.1–2.3 | |||||
| Seeds from emotion & cue reactivity tasks |
Seed-whole brain (rACC) |
Connectivity | ↑ ACC (rostral OFC) | 2.69 | F = 19.8 |
Collapsed groups: Pos. Cor. Magnitude smoking reduction, positive affect & rACC-OFC connectivity |
||||
| Kober, Brewer (29)* |
↓ Cigs/day (group*time) = Craving (VAS) |
= Stress (VAS) |
Stress reactivity (stress vs. neutral – verbal scenarios) |
Whole brain | Activity | ↓ Striatum (putamen), cerebellum, insula (ant/mid/post), amygdala, hippocampus, para-hippocampus, thalamus, midbrain | 1.03–1.10 | P < .05 FWE-corrected | t = 3.97–5.72 |
MT: Pos. Cor. Cigs/day & insula (ant), amygdala, para-hippocampus FFS: N.S. Cor. Cigs/day & insula (ant), amygdala, para-hippocampus |
| Insula (ant), amygdala, para-hippocampus |
Combined groups: Pos. Cor. Cigs/day reduction & activity (amygdala, ant/mid/post insula, hippocampus, para-hippocampus, thalamus, mid occipital, midbrain, cerebellum, cuneus/precuneus, PCC) |
|||||||||
| Tang, Tang (9)* |
= Craving (group*time) ↓ carbon monoxide (group*time) |
Rest (eyes closed) |
Whole brain (fALFF) |
Activity | ↓ Cerebellum, precuneus/PCC/BA31 |
P < .05 montecarlo -corrected |
t = (-3.91)-(-4.10) | |||
| Westbrook, Creswell (2)* | ↓ Craving (VAS) | ↓ stress (VAS) |
Cue reactivity (neutral vs. cigarette) |
Whole brain | Activity |
Passive view cigs > neutral: ↑ ACC (ventral/mFG), precuneus ↓ fusiform Mindful > passive view cigs: ↓ ACC (subgenual/vmPFC) |
P < .05 montecarlo -corrected |
t = 3.58–4.90 | ||
|
Seed-whole brain (sgACC) PPI |
Connectivity |
Mindful > passive view cigs: ↓ Striatum (VS/caudate), precuneus, insula, MFG, parietal (inferior), premotor |
t = (-4.15)–(-5.38) | |||||||
*Groups compared cross−sectionally, post intervention
↑ Increased; ↓ Decreased; = no change
Abbreviations: ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; aDMN, anterior default mode network; Ant, anterior; BA, Brodmann area; CO, carbon monoxide; Cor, correlation; DTS, distress tolerance scales; fALFF, fractional amplitude of low−frequency fluctuations; FFS, freedom from smoking; FMI, Freiburg mindfulness inventory; FTND, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence; ICA, independent component analysis; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; MBI, Mindfulness−based intervention; MFG, middle frontal gyrus ; mFG, medial frontal gyrus; N.S., non−significant; Neg, negative; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PANAS, positive and negative affect schedule; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; pDMN, posterior default mode network; PPI, psychophysiological interactions; Pos, positive; Post, posterior; rACC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex; ROI, region of interest; sgACC, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex; SJWQ, Shiffman−Jarvik questionnaire; TAU, treatment as usual; UPPS, impulsive behavior scale; VAS, visual analogue scale; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; VS, ventral striatum