Table 2.
Magnetic field-mediated delivery.
| Type | Advantage/Disadvantage | Authors | Subject | Result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnetic field-mediated passive navigation using external magnetic field | Advantages | Magneto-nanobots allows cell-specific targeting | Andhari et al. (2020) | External magnetic field and magnetic nanobots consisting of Fe3O4 NPs | Provides autonomous propulsion ability and superparamagnetic property to the nanobot system |
| Disadvantages | Sharply reduced effective delivery as the distance between the magnets and the carriers increases | Hwang (2020) | Unable to target tissues greater than 2 cm deep within the body | ||
| Internal methods caused unexpected side effects to the body | Ganz (2017) | Magnetic implants around the gastroesophageal junction | Caused dysphagia, persistent nausea, and postoperative nausea | ||
| MTBs | Advantages | Higher biocompatibility than artificially synthesized NPs | Alphandery et al. (2017) | Magnetosomes consist of biological materials such as magnetite (Fe3O4) and greigite (Fe3S4) crystals | |
| Less toxicity | Nan et al. (2021) | Tested its toxicity with mice | Complete blood count and basic metabolic panel showed normal range, and no change in the composition of urine and weight was found | ||
| Exhibit magneto-aerotaxis which allows the drug to be directly navigated to the brain across the BBB when conjugated with NPs | Alphandery et al. (2017) | Magnetosome coated with poly-L-lysine (M-PLL) that contains 500–700 μg of iron was administered in a magnetic field of 202 kHz and 27 mT to treat GBM | Living GBM cells completely disappeared after 68 days for all treated mice | ||
| Disadvantages | May adversely affect the human immune system | Nan et al. (2021) | Regarding the decreased level of lymphocyte proliferation | ||
| Difficulty in reproducing the composition of magnetosome and its low production yield | Alphandery et al. (2017) | ||||
| MRN | Advantages | Targeting effectivity both in the one-level bifurcation of an animal model and in the higher level of bifurcation of artificial pathways | Li et al. (2019) | Testing the MRN in a two-level bifurcation phantom with magnetic drug-eluting beads aggregates | Showed targeting success rates of 84, 100, 84, and 92% |
| Pouponneau et al. (2014) | Rabbit’s hepatic artery to the left/right liver lobes | Successfully steered therapeutic magnetic microcarriers to the left lobes | |||
| Disadvantages | As pulsatile flow currently limits MRN to simple pathways in vivo studies | Folio and Ferreira (2017) | Applied to one or two simple Y-bifurcations or only 2D vascular phantoms | ||
| Some non-spherical microparticles occasionally attach to the surface of tissues and cannot travel to the target | Ghosh et al. (2021) | ||||
CNS, central nerve system; BBB, blood–brain barrier; MTBs, magnetotactic bacteria; GBM, glioblastoma; and MRN, magnetic resonance navigation.