Table 18.
Evaluation of age thresholding methods. When two values are given, they correspond to males/females
| Method | Method work | Evaluation work | Population | n | Age | Target | Accuracy | Sensitivity | Specificity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tooth eruption | Haavikko [7] | Pinchi et al. [75] | Italian | 501 | 11–15 | 14 | 78/81 | 88/72 | 70/86 |
| Olze et al. [40] | Thomas et al. [191] | Indian | 640 | 10–18 | 14 | 86/83 | 89/89 | 84/78 | |
| Atlas-based | London Atlas [10] | De Moraes et al. [73] | Brazilian | 1200 | 16–21 | 18 | 80 | 92 | 56 |
| Nolla development stages | Nolla [12] | Pereira et al. [45] | Portuguese | 348 | 12–23 | 14 | 82 | 91 | 60 |
| 16 | 87 | 80 | 92 | ||||||
| 18 | 90 | 81 | 95 | ||||||
| 21 | 84 | 94 | 82 | ||||||
| Antunovic et al. [192] | Montenegrin | 683 | 13–24 | 18 | 90/87 | 95/85 | 84/90 | ||
| Demirjian development stages | Willems et al. [14] | Pinchi et al. [75] | Italian | 501 | 11–15 | 14 | 77/83 | 74/78 | 79/86 |
| Mincer et al. [42] | Mwesigwa et al. [74] | Ugandan | 1021 | 10–22 | 12 | – | 93 | 80 | |
| 14 | – | 97 | 83 | ||||||
| 16 | – | 69 | 97 | ||||||
| 18 | – | 88 | 88 | ||||||
| Pinchi et al. [75] | Italian | 501 | 11–15 | 14 | 78/83 | 80/82 | 76/84 | ||
| Lucas et al. [193] | British | 2000 | 16–26 | 18 | 93/91 | 92/91 | 98/92 | ||
| Friedrich et al. [194] | German | 1804 | 15–24 | 18 | – | 74 | 73 | ||
| Márquez–Ruiz [195] | Mexican | 135 | 14–23 | 18 | – | 85 | 71 | ||
| Lizarbe et al. [196] | Peruvian | 208 | 14–22 | 18 | 86 | 88 | 85 | ||
| Hassan et al. [197] | Egyptian | 350 | 14–24 | 18 | – | – | 92/91 | ||
| Sharma et al. [198] | Indian | 1062 | 14–23 | 18 | 93 | 93 | 92 | ||
| Augusto et al. [79] | Portuguese | 1104 | 7–23 | 12 | 91 | 95 | 81 | ||
| 14 | 90 | 77 | 93 | ||||||
| Melo et al. [199] | Spanish | 1386 | 10–26 | 18 | 94 | 94 | 95 | ||
| Gleiser and Hunt staging system | Moorrees et al. [19] | Pereira et al. [45] | Portuguese | 348 | 12–23 | 14 | 83 | 92 | 59 |
| 16 | 87 | 82 | 91 | ||||||
| 18 | 90 | 80 | 95 | ||||||
| 21 | 84 | 92 | 82 | ||||||
| Kohler et al. [20] | Yellapurkar et al. [44] | Indian | 404 | 7–20 | 14 | 91 | – | – | |
| Franco et al. [200] | Russian | 918 | 8–23 | 14 | – | 87/80 | 87/90 | ||
| Root pulp visibility | Olze et al. [31] | Akkaya et al. [201] | Turkish | 463 | 14–34 | 18 | – | 89/83 | 91/67 |
| 21 | – | 86/73 | 88/93 | ||||||
| Manthapuri et al. [202] | Indian | 760 | 12–20 | 16 | 77/80 | 61/65 | 96/97 | ||
| Cameriere’s method | Cameriere et al. [23] | Pinchi et al. [75] | Italian | 501 | 11–15 | 14 | 85/87 | 77/85 | 92/88 |
| Antunovic et al. [192] | Montenegrin | 683 | 13–24 | 18 | 93/89 | 92/82 | 94/96 | ||
| Lizarbe et al. [196] | Peruvian | 208 | 14–22 | 18 | 96 | 96 | 96 | ||
| Hassan et al. [197] | Egyptian | 350 | 14–24 0 | 18 | 89 | 92 | 84 | ||
| Augusto et al. [79] | Portuguese | 1104 | 7–23 | 12 | 89 | 94 | 74 | ||
| 14 | 87 | 87 | 88 | ||||||
| Melo et al. [199] | Spanish | 1386 | 10–26 | 18 | 96 | 90 | 99 | ||
| De Luca et al. [203] | Colombian | 288 | 13–22 | 18 | 91/94 | 92/95 | 91/94 | ||
| Cavrić et al. [204] | Motswana | 1294 | 13–23 | 18 | 91/92 | 88/88 | 95/96 | ||
| Zelic et al. [205] | Serbian | 598 | 13–24 | 18 | 95/91 | 96/86 | 94/98 | ||
| Gulsahi et al. [206] | Turkish | 293 | 14–22 | 18 | 98/93 | 95/86 | 100/100 | ||
| Franklin et al. [207] | Australian | 143 | 14–22 | 18 | 87/88 | 90/90 | 85/88 | ||
| Dardouri et al. [208] | Lybian | 307 | 14–22 | 18 | 95/94 | 91/91 | 100/100 | ||
| AlQahtani et al. [76] | Saudi | 300 | 14–22 | 18 | 76/72 | 51/52 | 100/97 | ||
| Balla et al. [209] | Indian | 1330 | 15–22 | 18 | 90/88 | 91/86 | 90/90 | ||
| Cameriere et al. [210] | Chilean | 822 | 11–22 | 14 | 86/80 | 84/81 | 90/80 | ||
| 16 | 80 | 79 | 81 | ||||||
| 18 | 83 | 71 | 88 | ||||||
| Angelakopoulos et al. [211] | South African | 833 | 14–24 | 18 | 90 | 80 | 95 | ||
| Różyło–Kalinowska et al. [212] | Polish | 982 | 15–24 | 18 | 87 | 85 | 92 | ||
| Kelmendi et al. [213] | Kosovar | 1221 | 12–23 | 18 | 97/91 | 96/83 | 98/99 | ||
| Spinas et al. [214] | Italian | 336 | 15–23 | 18 | 86 | 82 | 95 | ||
| Doğru et al. [215] | Dutch | 360 | 14–22 | 18 | 89/83 | 84/73 | 95/96 | ||
| Balla et al. [216] | Indian | 819 | 11–20 | 16 | 88/89 | 91/90 | 86/87 | ||
| Kumagai et al. [217] | Japanese | 276 | 14–24 | 18 | 91/87 | 89/84 | 96/93 | ||
| Chu et al. [218] | Chinese | 840 | 13–24 | 18 | 92 | 93/94 | 81/97 | ||
| Moukarzel et al. [219] | Lebanese | 620 | 14–23 | 18 | 74/79 | 63/61 | 89/97 | ||
| Ribier et al. [220] | French | 431 | 14–22 | 18 | 91/81 | 95/83 | 85/79 | ||
| Scendoni et al. [221] | Russian | 571 | 14–24 | 18 | 97/95 | 96/93 | 98/98 | ||
| Wang et al. [222] | Chinese | 671 | 10–20 | 16 | 89 | 78 | 97 | ||
| Angelakopoulos et al. [223] | African | 1631 | 13–24 | 18 | 83 | 87 | 84 | ||
| American | 861 | 86 | 80 | 91 | |||||
| Asian | 3919 | 73 | 61 | 91 | |||||
| European | 3770 | 85 | 80 | 95 | |||||
| Yılancı et al. [224] | Turkish | 763 | 10–17 | 12 | – | 90/91 | 78/77 | ||
| 15 | – | 93/89 | 87/78 |