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. 2023 Jun 7;14:3314. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38935-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic figure of (a) alkaline flow-cell system and (b) neutral MEA system. AEM, anion exchange membrane. MEA, membrane electrode assembly. c Energy penalty of CO₂ regeneration from carbonate and anodic CO₂/O₂ separation. d Scheme of the acidic microchanneled MEA system used in this work. e Comparison of electrolyzer-specific energy distribution in different systems. Details of the energy analysis are provided in Supplementary Notes 1–4.