Table 2.
Clinical details of the patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and of the normal control group stratified by fetal sex
| Characteristics | GDM group | Healthy control group | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 20) | Female (n = 20) | Male (n = 20) | Female (n = 20) | ||
| Maternal age (years) | 31.5 ± 4.1 | 33.2 ± 5.33 | 30.3 ± 6.11 | 32.0 ± 6.13 | ns |
| Maternal BMI (pre-pregnancy) (kg/m2) | 29.4 ± 8.03 | 27.0 ± 4.73 | 21.9 ± 3.97 | 25.0 ± 7.90 | < 0.001* |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 39.7 ± 1.30 | 39.8 ± 1.40 | 39.8 ± 1.54 | 39.8 ± 1.16 | ns |
| Median gravidity (IQR) | 2 (1.75) | 2 (2) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | ns |
| Median parity (IQR) | 2 (1.75) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | ns |
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | n. a | n. a | ns |
| With labour (%) | 75 | 95 | 85 | 85 | ns |
| Birth weight (g) | 3662 ± 562 | 3636 ± 661 | 3340 ± 568 | 3294 ± 440 | < 0.05* |
| Umbilical artery pH | 7.30 ± 0.07 | 7.30 ± 0.10 | 7.30 ± 0.10 | 7.30 ± 0.08 | ns |
| Median 5 min APGAR (minimum; maximum) | 10 (9; 10) | 10 (8; 10) | 10 (8; 10) | 10 (8; 10) | ns |
If not indicated otherwise, data are presented as the mean ± SD or as the median with minimum and maximum in parentheses, as appropriate
*Statistically significant difference between groups: GDM group vs. control group including fetal sex, using the Kruskal–Wallis’s test to compare clinical outcome data of the four groups