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. 2023 May 25;14:1175421. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175421

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Copyright © 2023 Wei, Zhu, Liu, Liu, Wu, Zhang, Cui, Liu and Zhang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Heatmaps of the causal associations between cytokines and cardiovascular diseases. Shown are the results of the IVW method based on the (A) cis-pQTL and (B) cis-eQTL instruments. Red boxes indicate positive associations, blue boxes negative associations, and grey boxes associations for which no instrument was available. One asterisk denotes that the associations is nominally significant (P < 0.05). Two asterisks denote that the association withstands multiple comparison correction (stratified FDR < 10%).