Table 4.

Financial (12 articles; 18.2% total).

First author, Year of publication4	Type	Results
Baugh and Baugh (2022)	Scholarly opinion	Authors conclude that the current financial aid system’s reliance on high debt burden undermines goals to recruit and matriculate URiM students to medical school.
Carnevale and Strohl (2013)	Report of analysis of enrollment trends at 4,400 postsecondary institutions by race and institutional selectivity.	Key findings:
		82% of new white enrollments have gone to the 468 most selective colleges, while enrollments for Hispanics (72%) and African Americans (68%) have gone to 2-year and 4-year open-access schools.
		Selective colleges spend anywhere from two to almost five times as much on instruction per student as the open-access colleges.
		More than 30% of AA and Hispanics with a high school GPA higher than 3.5 go to community colleges compared to 22% of whites with the same GPA.
Carnevale and Smith (2018)	Policy brief	Low-income students are less likely to complete college and are more susceptible to dropping out.
		Low-income students are less likely to enroll in 4-year or selective institutions or to graduate with a bachelor’s degree.
		Low-income students who work while enrolled are more likely to work outside of their fields.
		Working while enrolled generally tends to benefit higher-income students and tends to harm or disadvantage low-income students, but low-income students often have less of a real choice about whether and how much to work.
Fenton et al. (2016)	Single institution study of 14,919 medical school applicants.	A method of adjusting applicant GPA and MCAT scores for SES based on application data was simulated and tested.
	Goal: To determine if an applicants’ cumulative pre-medical grade point average and total MCAT score could be adjusted for socioeconomically status (SES).	The adjustment methods reduced or eliminated disparities in URiM and disadvantaged student representation.
Grbic and Roskovensky (2012)	National Study of 14,389 first-time applicants who were not accepted to medical school.	5,282 (37%) of the 14,389 first-time nonaccepted applicants became repeat applicants and 40% (2,121) of these were accepted to medical school.
	Goal: To explore factors associated with becoming a repeat applicant to medical school.	Applicants who had more than $20,000 of educational debt were less likely to become repeat applicants.
Grbic et al. (2015)	National data of 38,558 medical school applicants for whom a socioeconomic indicator could be assigned.	Compared with Asian and white applicants, African American and Hispanic applicants were more often categorized as low EO status.
	Goal: To validate a socioeconomic indicator based on parental education (E) and occupation (O) for use in medical school admissions	There were moderate to strong associations between the EO categories and indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage.
Joseph O. R. et al. (2021)	Single-institution study of 35 undergraduate or postbaccalaureate participants (48% URiM).	Lack of appropriate financial resources for the application processes including admissions testing, traveling for interviews, medical school fees, and lodging expenses were cited as major barriers.
	Qualitative survey.
	Goal: To determine barriers/facilitators to pursuing a medical career.
Michalec and Hafferty (2023)	Mixed-methods study (quantitative and qualitative approaches).	Authors conclude that the PMP is constructed to favor those from high socioeconomic status, privileged backgrounds, and those majoring in typical premed majors such as in the Biological Sciences.
	Goal: To identify potential (explicit and implicit) exclusionary practices, processes, and mechanisms in the premedical pathway (PMP).
Poll-Hunter et al. (2023)	Scholarly perspective from the action collaborative for black men in medicine (launched by AAMC and the National Medical Association).	Multiple hurdles exist including financial considerations, academic hurdles and information access.
	Goal: To address the systems and factors that influence the trajectory to medicine for Black men.
Talamantes et al. (2014)	National study of 40,491 matriculant and applicant files and 17,518 matriculating students.	Among Latino matriculants to medical school, 65.6% (1,028/1,566) did not attend a CC.
	Goal: To assess associations between student characteristics and participation in a more economically viable community college (CC) pathway.	Applicants who attended a CC had a significantly longer number of years in college before application to medical school 4.6 ± 1.8 (N = 12,598) vs. 6.8 ± 3.9 (N = 1,920).
		Compared with the 27% of white matriculants who used CC pathways, 34% of Latinos and 28% of Black matriculants used CC pathways.
Thomas and Dockter (2019)	Commentary	Authors recommend that medical schools must maintain or increase support for STEM academic enrichment programs at all levels. Additionally, they should support a holistic admissions process that considers race and socioeconomic status.
Toretsky et al. (2018)	Literature review and interviews to summarize known barriers to URiM students entering the health professions.	Financial challenges are even more pronounced for URiMs than other racial/ethnic groups as they are more likely to have lower socio-economic status.

⁴Publications referenced by first author and year.