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. 2023 May 25;14:1176016. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176016

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Proposed pathways involved in the effects of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics on the immune system. The effects of probiotics (middle), prebiotics (left), and postbiotics (right) on the immune system and gut microbiota are summarized. This figure was created with BioRender.com.