FIGURE 2.

Pathological features of T2DM. T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance and β cell dysregulation, along with various pathological disturbances, which are coordinately regulated by multiple tissues and organs, including the pancreas, liver, adipose, muscle, gut, and brain. As the major characteristic of T2DM, insulin resistance occurs when the tissues become less sensitive to insulin, leading to increased glucose production and lipogenesis in the liver, enhanced lipolysis and reduced triglyceride synthesis in the white adipose tissue (WAT), and decreased glucose uptake and elevated fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle, and so on. Failure of pancreatic β cells that are responsible for the production and secretion of insulin results in decreased cell number and impair insulin secretion. The vicious cycle of insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, inflammation, and so on, aggravate the onset, development, and progression of T2DM. The online resource inside this figure was quoted or modified from Scienceslide2016 plug‐in.