FIGURE 10.

Signaling pathways in T2DM complications. Hyperglycemia causes macrovascular and microvascular lesions, contributing to diabetic complications such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic cardiovascular disease. Targeting the major pathological features of different complications, some signaling pathways have been discovered. These signaling pathways play important roles in promotion or inhibition of disease development, contributing to the treatment of diabetic complications.