TABLE 1.
The mechanisms by which some chemical substances and natural products treat ICIs-induced cardiotoxicity.
| Name | Type of study | Treatment method | Treatment Duration |
Targets or pathways | Outcome | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experiment group | Negative control group | ||||||
| SRK-181 | PD-1 antibody injection (10 mg/kg twice a week for 9 doses) in MBT-2 tumor xenografts of nude mice | SRK-181-mIgG1 (10 mg/kg once a week for five doses) | The same volume of control mIgG1 | 4 weeks | Inhibit TGF-β1 signaling pathway | Increased survival rate, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in myocardium, eliminate cardiac valvopathy | Martin et al. (2020) |
| TNF-α antibody | PD-1 antibody injection (250 μg every second day for 9 doses) in melanoma tumor xenografts of C57 mice | TNF-α antibody (every second day for four does) | The same volume of control IgG1 | 2 weeks | Block TNF-αsignaling pathway | Improved LVEF | Michel et al. (2022) |
| IL-17A antibody | PD-1 antibody injection (200 μg every second day for 6 doses) in mice | IL-17A antibody (200 μg every second day for 6 doses) | The same volume of control IgG1 | 2 weeks | Block IL-17A signaling pathway | Improved LVEF | Gergely et al. (2022) |
| Butyrate produced by Prevotellaceae | PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor (BMS-1) injection (10 mg/kg, every 2 days for 6 doses) in C57 mice | Sodium butyrate (1 g/kg/day, orally administration) | The same volume of saline by gavage | 2 weeks | Suppress the expression of proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4X1 | Prevented NF-κB activation and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis | Chen et al. (2022) |
| Levothyroxine | PD-L1 antibody injection (10 μg/g, every 1 week for 6 doses) in C57 mice | Levothyroxine (0.25 μg/g, every 1 week for 6 doses, i.p.) | The same volume of vehicle, i.p | 3 weeks | Block NF-κB signaling pathway | Improved LVEF and decreased the expression of | Chen et al. (2021c) |
| Crocin | PD-1 antibody injection (5 mg/kg every 2 days for 5 times) | Crocin (25, 50 mg/kg/day, i.p.) | The same volume of vehicle, i.p | 6 weeks | No mention | Attenuated the mortality rate and suppress inflammatory cell infiltration | Zhang et al. (2022b) |
i.p., intraperitoneally; LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction.