Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of factors associated with universal coverage of LLINs and utilization of LLINs.
| Variables | Universal coverage of LLINs | Household utilization of LLINs | Total | Covered | χ2 value of p | Total | Use | χ2, value of p | N | n (%) | N | n (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 9,977 | 7,542(75.6) | 8,777 | 5,756(65.6) | ||||||||||||
| Household characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Region | 110.6*** | 617.4*** | ||||||||||||||
| Greater Accra | 960 | 664(69.2) | 780 | 305(39.1) | ||||||||||||
| Ashanti | 1,661 | 1,277(76.9) | 1,433 | 792(55.3) | ||||||||||||
| Eastern | 1,226 | 952(77.7) | 1,168 | 920(78.8) | ||||||||||||
| Central | 937 | 704(75.1) | 795 | 511(64.3) | ||||||||||||
| Volta | 1,193 | 935(78.4) | 1,123 | 914(81.4) | ||||||||||||
| Brong Ahafo | 1,398 | 1,101(78.8) | 1,216 | 866(71.2) | ||||||||||||
| Western | 1,144 | 762(66.6) | 881 | 550(62.4) | ||||||||||||
| Northern | 988 | 748(75.7) | 932 | 676(72.5) | ||||||||||||
| Upper East | 470 | 399(84.9) | 449 | 222(49.4) | ||||||||||||
| Residence | 86.4*** | 152.0*** | ||||||||||||||
| Rural | 6,248 | 4,916(78.7) | 5,675 | 3,984(70.2) | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 3,729 | 2,626(70.4) | 3,102 | 1772(57.1) | ||||||||||||
| Household size | 160.7*** | 43.7*** | ||||||||||||||
| 1–2 members | 1,677 | 1,380(82.3) | 1,353 | 785(58.0) | ||||||||||||
| 3–5 members | 4,726 | 3,651(77.3) | 4,193 | 2,775(66.2) | ||||||||||||
| 6–7 members | 2,183 | 1,628(74.6) | 1964 | 1,339(68.2) | ||||||||||||
| 8 or more | 1,382 | 876(63.4) | 1,260 | 855(67.9) | ||||||||||||
| Household has child under-5M | 11.4** | 105.5*** | ||||||||||||||
| No | 4,824 | 3,717(77.1) | 4,075 | 2,445(60.0) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 5,073 | 3,761(74.1) | 4,634 | 3,266(70.5) | ||||||||||||
| Household has a pregnant woman | 1.9 | 1.2 | ||||||||||||||
| No | 9,285 | 7,034(75.8) | 8,160 | 5,339(65.4) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 692 | 508(73.4) | 617 | 417(67.6) | ||||||||||||
| Received net from PMD campaign | 2700.0*** | 48.6*** | ||||||||||||||
| No | 1,379 | 270(19.6) | 598 | 314(52.5) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 8,598 | 7,272(84.6) | 8,179 | 5,442(66.5) | ||||||||||||
| Number of nets in household | 61.9*** | |||||||||||||||
| One | – | – | 1,211 | 680(56.2) | ||||||||||||
| Two | – | – | 2024 | 1,316(65.0) | ||||||||||||
| Three | – | – | 2,233 | 1,495(67.0) | ||||||||||||
| >Three | – | – | 3,309 | 2,265(68.5) | ||||||||||||
| Universal coverage of LLINs | 10.8** | |||||||||||||||
| Not covered | – | – | 1,446 | 894(61.8) | ||||||||||||
| Covered | – | – | 7,329 | 4,860(66.3) | ||||||||||||
| Respondents’ characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Respondent household | 3.9* | 1.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Household head | 4,484 | 3,432(76.5) | 3,870 | 2,564(66.3) | ||||||||||||
| Others | 5,493 | 4,110(74.8) | 4,907 | 3,192(65.1) | ||||||||||||
| Respondent’s age M | 5.3* | 3.3 | ||||||||||||||
| 18-49 years | 7,045 | 5,283(75.0) | 6,187 | 4,104(66.3) | ||||||||||||
| >49 years | 2,883 | 2,225(77.2) | 2,550 | 1,640(64.3) | ||||||||||||
| Sex | 1.06 | 2.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 2,651 | 1989 (74.9) | 2,274 | 1,520(66.8) | ||||||||||||
| Female | 7,295 | 5,553 (75.9) | 6,503 | 4,236(65.1) | ||||||||||||
| Marital status M | 23.2*** | 57.2*** | ||||||||||||||
| Single | 1,559 | 1,111(71.3) | 1,225 | 711(58.0) | ||||||||||||
| Divorced/separated | 708 | 552(78.0) | 616 | 386(62.7) | ||||||||||||
| Cohabiting | 315 | 231(73.3) | 271 | 184(67.9) | ||||||||||||
| Widowed | 988 | 772(78.1) | 890 | 545(61.2) | ||||||||||||
| Married | 6,376 | 4,852(76.1) | 5,749 | 3,914(68.1) | ||||||||||||
| Highest education M | 13.3* | 18.1** | ||||||||||||||
| No formal education | 3,110 | 2,389(76.8) | 2,819 | 1849(65.6) | ||||||||||||
| Primary | 1,518 | 1,141(75.2) | 1,352 | 918(67.9) | ||||||||||||
| JHS/JSS/Middle | 3,697 | 2,806(75.9) | 3,219 | 2,143(66.6) | ||||||||||||
| SHS/SSS/VOC/TECH | 1,157 | 864(74.7) | 999 | 605(60.6) | ||||||||||||
| Tertiary | 423 | 292(69.0) | 331 | 204(61.6) | ||||||||||||
| Religion M | 4.3 | 23.0*** | ||||||||||||||
| None | 271 | 193(71.2) | 231 | 161(69.7) | ||||||||||||
| Christian | 7,888 | 5,984(75.9) | 6,911 | 4,570(66.1) | ||||||||||||
| Muslim | 1,411 | 1,051(74.5) | 1,261 | 759(60.2) | ||||||||||||
| Traditional | 389 | 298(76.6) | 358 | 253(70.7) | ||||||||||||
| Employment status M | 0.6 | 11.1** | ||||||||||||||
| Unemployed | 1,283 | 959(74.8) | 1,117 | 683(61.2) | ||||||||||||
| Employed | 8,687 | 6,579(75.7) | 7,656 | 5,070(66.2) | ||||||||||||
| Aware of benefits of LLINs | 838.5*** | 181.8*** | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 6,299 | 5,361(85.1) | 6,008 | 4,219(70.2) | ||||||||||||
| No | 3,678 | 2,181(59.3) | 2,769 | 1,537(55.5) | ||||||||||||
| Aware of key facts of LLINs | 874.9*** | 149.8*** | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 6,241 | 5,332(85.4) | 5,957 | 4,161(69.9) | ||||||||||||
| No | 3,736 | 2,210(59.2) | 2,820 | 1,595(56.6) | ||||||||||||
| Aware of continuous use and care for LLINs | 177.7*** | 200.0*** | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 4,056 | 3,347(82.5) | 3,740 | 2,764(73.9) | ||||||||||||
| No | 5,921 | 4,195(70.9) | 5,037 | 2,992(59.4) | ||||||||||||
M, Variable has missing observations. p-value notation: *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001.