Table 2.
The main characteristics of the study of new-onset diabetes and hyperglycemia in the COVID-19 population versus the non-COVID-19 population.
| References | Country | Study type | Ethnicity | Study period | COVID-19 patients | Non-COVID-19 patients | Definition of NDD | Time of diagnosis | Type of diabetes | Study quality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Age | Male, % | Event | N | Age | Male, % | Event | |||||||||
| Ayoubkhani et al. (33) | UK | Cohort study | Caucasian | 1 January to 31 August 2020 | 36,100 | No restrictions | NR | 400 | 36,100 | No restrictions | NR | 125 | Primary and secondary ICD-10 codes (codes U07.1 and U07.2) | After discharge | T1D or T2D | 7 |
| Barrett et al. (18) (HealthVerity) | USA | Cohort study | Caucasian | March 1, 2020–June 28, 2021 | 439,439 | <18 | 219,427 (49.93%) | 1,120 | 439,439 | <18 | 219,427 (49.93%) | 853 | One or more health care claims with a diabetes diagnosis (ICD-10-CM codes E08–E13) occurring >30 days after the index date (excluding cases of transient, resolved hyperglycemia) | After discharge | T1D or T2D (94.0%) | 6 |
| Barrett et al. (18) (IQVIA) | USA | Cohort study | Caucasian | March 1, 2020–June 28, 2021 | 80,893 | <18 | 40,376 (49.91%) | 68 | 404,465 | <18 | 201,880 (49.91%) | 132 | One or more health care claims with a diabetes diagnosis (ICD-10-CM codes E08–E13) occurring >30 days after the index date (excluding cases of transient, resolved hyperglycemia) | After discharge | T1D or T2D (94.1%) | 6 |
| N | Age | Male, % | Event | N | Age | Male, % | Event | |||||||||
| Birabaharan et al. (19) | USA | Cohort study | Caucasian | 20 January 2020 to 20 January 2021 | 324,360 | ≥18 | NR | 3,934 | 330,734 | ≥18 | NR | 2,632 | One or more ICD-10 E11 | After discharge | T2D | 6 |
| Kendall et al. (21) | USA | Cohort study | Caucasian | March 2020 and December 2021 | 285,628 | <18 | 143,289 (50.17%) | 123 | 285,628 | <18 | 144,029 (50.43%) | 72 | ICD-10 code U07.1 | After discharge | T1D | 5 |
| Laurenzi et al. (30) | Italy | Cohort study | Caucasian | February 25 to May 15, 2020 | 471 | ≥18 | NR | NDD: 39 NOH: 256 Total: 295 | 64 | ≥18 | NR | NDD: 7 NOH: 15 Total: 22 | (1) They had a negative history of diabetes, no prescription of diabetes medications, and a FBG during hospitalization, in the absence of infusions of dextrose, of 7.0 mmol/L or higher (ADA criteria); (2) Hyperglycemia not in the diabetes range if they had random blood glucose levels between 100 and 199 mg/dL or 2 FBG >100 and <126 mg/dL; | During hospitalization | NR | 4 |
| Qeadan et al. (22) | USA | Cohort study | Caucasian | December 1, 2019 through July 31, 2021 | 2,489,266 | No restrictions | 1,081,608 (43.45%) | 5,163 | 24,803,613 | No restrictions | 10,579,475 (42.65%) | 36,348 | T1D associated ICD-10 codes | During hospitalization | T1D | 7 |
| N | Age | Male, % | Event | N | Age | Male, % | Event | |||||||||
| Wander et al. (24) | USA | Cohort study | Caucasian | 1 March 2020 and 10 March 2021 | 126,710 | ≥18 | 109,693 (86.57%) | 748 | 2,651,058 | ≥18 | 2,291,801 (86.45%) | 8,402 | (1) Two or more abnormal laboratory values from plasma or serum (random glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL, fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, 2-h glucose from an oral glucose tolerance test ≥ 200 mg/dL) or whole blood (A1c ≥ 6.5%); (2) Two outpatient or one inpatient ICD-10 codes of E08–E13; or (3) receipt of an initial and one refill prescription of a glucose-lowering medication. | After discharge | T1D, T2D or other | 7 |
| Xie et al. (4) | USA | Cohort study | Caucasian | March 1, 2020, and Sept 30, 2021 | 181,280 | ≥18 | 159,666 (88.08%) | 7,396 | 4,118,441 | ≥18 | 3,655,034 (88.75%) | 127,858 | The ICD-10 codes (E08.X to E13.X) or a HbA1c measurement of more than 6.4% (46 mmol/mol) | After discharge | Mostly T2D | 7 |
ADA, American Diabetes Association; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ICD-10, the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision; NDD, Newly diagnosed diabetes; NOH, New onset hyperglycemia; NR, Not reported; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.