Table 2.
ORs and 95% CIs for low muscle strength, low muscle mass and sarcopenia according to protein intake comparing low and high protein intakes to optimal protein intakes (reference)
| Low muscle strength | Low muscle mass | Sarcopenia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein Intake (g/kg/day) | Low (<1 g/kg/day) | High (>1.3 g/kg/day) | Low (<1 g/kg/day) | High (>1.3 g/kg/day) | Low (<1 g/kg/day) | High (>1.3 g/kg/day) |
| Unadjusted | 1.18 (0.84–1.65) P = 0.340 |
1.16 (0.81–1.66) P = 0.414 |
0.52 (0.40–0.67) P < 0.0001 |
1.76 (1.39–2.24) P < 0.0001 |
0.70 (0.39–1.25) P = 0.229 |
2.04 (1.21–3.44) P = 0.008 |
| Model 1 Age, sex |
1.31 (0.92–1.86) P = 0.131 |
1.10 (0.75–1.60) P = 0.640 |
0.54 (0.42–0.70) P < 0.0001 |
1.72 (1.35–2.19) P < 0.0001 |
0.77 (0.42–1.42) P = 0.401 |
2.21 (1.26–3.87) P = 0.006 |
| Model 2 1 + smoking, income, education |
1.20 (0.82–1.76) P = 0.349 |
1.02 (0.68–1.53) P = 0.921 |
0.53 (0.40–0.70) P < 0.0001 |
1.80 (1.39–2.34) P < 0.0001 |
0.75 (0.37–1.53) P = 0.434 |
2.48 (1.36–4.52) P = 0.003 |
| Model 3 2 + height |
1.23 (0.84–1.81) P = 0.281 |
0.92 (0.61–1.40) P = 0.702 |
0.53 (0.40–0.70) P < 0.0001 |
1.86 (1.43–2.41) P < 0.0001 |
0.78 (0.39–1.57) P = 0.489 |
2.36 (1.28–4.36) P = 0.006 |
| Model 4: Frailty/activity 2 + frailty index + activity level (IPAQ) |
0.98 (0.60–1.58) P = 0.921 |
0.99 (0.57–1.71) P = 0.967 |
0.55 (0.38–0.79) P = 0.001 |
1.71 (1.20–2.43) P = 0.003 |
0.73 (0.28–1.92) P = 0.528 |
2.46 (1.08–5.60) P = 0.031 |
| Model 5: muscle 4 + lean mass/height2 |
0.92 (0.55–1.55) P = 0.767 |
1.04 (0.59–1.82) P = 0.889 |
Not done (outcome) | Not done (part of sarcopenia definition) | ||
| Model 6: renal function 4 + creatinine clearance |
0.92 (0.57–1.51) P = 0.750 |
1.13 (0.65–1.97) P = 0.662 |
0.56 (0.39–0.81) P = 0.002 |
1.37 (0.95–1.97) P = 0.096 |
0.76 (0.30–1.95) P = 0.569 |
2.46 (1.07–5.69) P = 0.034 |
| Model 7: diet 2 + energy intake (kcal/day), healthy eating index |
1.09 (0.71–1.68) P = 0.689 |
1.33 (0.71–1.77) P = 0.639 |
0.30 (0.22–0.41) P < 0.0001 |
3.01 (2.23–4.06) P < 0.0001 |
0.40 (0.19–0.86) P = 0.019 |
4.58 (2.37–8.87) P < 0.001 |
| Model 8: diet 7 + SNAQ score |
1.28 (0.69–2.39) P = 0.433 |
1.70 (0.91–3.15) P = 0.095 |
0.31 (0.21–0.44) P < 0.0001 |
3.16 (2.17–4.59) P < 0.0001 |
0.49 (0.17–1.40) P = 0.182 |
5.97 (2.26–15.81) P < 0.0001 |
| Model 9: Muscle and gut microbiota 4 + Shannon diversity |
1.38 (0.86–2.22) P = 0.188 |
1.39 (0.84–2.28) P = 0.199 |
0.56 (0.37–0.86) P = 0.008 |
1.56 (1.04–2.35) P = 0.033 |
1.25 (0.50–3.15) P = 0.628 |
2.67 (1.20–5.95) P = 0.016 |
Italics = statistically significant; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; SNAQ, Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire.