Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants based on heart failure status.
| Heart failure status | P -value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 104 (Yes) | 1749 (No) | |
| Age (years) | 64.68 ± 7.56 | 62.60 ± 6.46 | 0.002 |
| Sex, male (%) | 24 (23.08%) | 718 (41.05%) | < 0.001 |
| Race, White (%) | 69 (66.35%) | 1111 (63.52%) | 0.561 |
| Glycemia control (%) | 0.871 | ||
| Standard | 53 (50.96%) | 877 (50.14%) | |
| Intensive | 51 (49.04%) | 872 (49.86%) | |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 13.08 ± 8.82 | 10.87 ± 7.59 | 0.005 |
| CVD history (%) | 65 (62.50%) | 555 (31.73%) | < 0.001 |
| Live alone (%) | 13 (12.50%) | 354 (20.24%) | 0.054 |
| Education (%) | 0.075 | ||
| Less than high school | 23 (22.12%) | 238 (13.62%) | |
| High-school graduate | 28 (26.92%) | 450 (25.76%) | |
| Some college | 31 (29.81%) | 575 (32.91%) | |
| College degree or higher | 22 (21.15%) | 484 (27.70%) | |
| Proteinuria | 18 (17.31%) | 306 (17.50%) | 0.961 |
| Current Smoker | 13 (12.50%) | 228 (13.04%) | 0.875 |
| Drinking/week | 0.79 ± 2.29 | 0.95 ± 2.66 | 0.545 |
| BMI (Kg/m 2 ) | 32.90 ± 5.31 | 32.34 ± 5.38 | 0.305 |
| Lipid (mg/dl) | |||
| CHOL | 181.05 ± 41.89 | 183.40 ± 41.01 | 0.572 |
| TRIG | 198.00 ± 133.57 | 188.12 ± 141.27 | 0.489 |
| LDL | 102.10 ± 31.08 | 104.64 ± 33.88 | 0.457 |
| HDL | 40.41 ± 11.67 | 42.41 ± 11.58 | 0.088 |
| HBA1C (%) | 8.49 ± 1.02 | 8.25 ± 1.04 | 0.025 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.49 ± 16.13 | 136.42 ± 16.89 | 0.223 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.90 ± 9.61 | 74.82 ± 10.79 | 0.007 |
| HR (beats/min) | 70.52 ± 11.62 | 72.71 ± 11.85 | 0.068 |
| GFR (ml/min/1.73m 2 ) | 91.52 ± 24.06 | 92.39 ± 31.83 | 0.785 |
| Medication | |||
| ARB | 17 (16.35%) | 312 (17.85%) | 0.697 |
| ACEI | 57 (54.81%) | 914 (52.29%) | 0.617 |
| β-blocker | 51 (49.04%) | 505 (28.89%) | < 0.001 |
| Sulphonylurea | 52 (50.00%) | 954 (54.55%) | 0.366 |
| Metformin | 70 (67.31%) | 1132 (64.72%) | 0.592 |
| Meglitinide | 0 (0.00%) | 39 (2.23%) | 0.124 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 22 (21.15%) | 415 (23.73%) | 0.548 |
| Insulin | 20 (19.23%) | 186 (10.63%) | 0.007 |
| Statin | 70 (67.31%) | 1108 (63.50%) | 0.432 |
| Aspirin | 70 (67.31%) | 969 (55.53%) | 0.019 |
| Anti-depression drug | 13 (12.50%) | 241 (13.81%) | 0.706 |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; GFR, Glomerular filtration rate.