Table 3.
Measurement Invariance Findings and Internal Consistency Coefficients.
| Models | ω [95% CI] |
Baseline model by age group | Measurement invariance | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18–25 | 26–35 | 36–45 | 46–55 | 56–65 | 66–75 | 76+ | Configural | Full metric | Full scalar | Alignment considered | Finding | ||
| UCLA-LS-4 | |||||||||||||
| Russell et al. (1980) | .76 [.74, .77] |
+ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | YES | Approx. |
| Roberts et al. (1993) | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | −/+ | NA | NA | NO | ||
| UCLA-LS-7 | |||||||||||||
| Oshagan & Allen (1992) | −/+ | + | − | + | −/+ | + | + | −/+ | NA | NA | NO | ||
| UCLA-LS-8 | |||||||||||||
| Roberts et al. (1993) | .88 [.87, .88] |
− | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | YES | Approx. |
| Hays & DiMatteo (1987) | .84 [.83, .85] |
−/+ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | NA | YES | Approx. |
| UCLA-LS-9 a | |||||||||||||
| Hawkley et al. (2005) | F1:.81 [.80, .82] F2:.89 [.88, .90] F3:.79 [.77, .80] |
+ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | Full | |
| UCLA-LS-10 | |||||||||||||
| Russell (1996) – one-factor | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Russell (1996) – two-factor | − | − | − | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | + | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Knight et al. (1988) version1 – one-factor | + | + | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Knight et al. (1988) version1 – two-factor | F1: .74 [.72, .75] F2: .80 [.79, .81] |
+ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | YES | Approx. |
| Knight et al. (1988) version2 – one-factor | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Knight et al. (1988) version2 – two-factor | F1: .82 [.81, .83] F2: .79 [.78, .80] |
−/+ | −/+ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | YES | Approx. |
| UCLA-LS-20 | |||||||||||||
| Russell et al. (1980) – one-factor | − | − | − | − | − | − | −/+ | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Russell et al. (1980) – two-factor | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Hawkley et al. (2005) - 3factor | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | NA | NA | NA | |||
| McWhirter (1990) – three-factor | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/+ | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Three-factor ESEM | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | NO | Partial | |
Note. ω = omega internal consistency; CI = confidence interval; “+” = acceptable fit (acceptable root mean square error of approximation, standardized root mean square, and comparative fit index); “−” = poor fit; UCLA-LS-7 = University of California Los Angeles, Loneliness Scale-7-item measures; “−/+” = inconsistent fit; NA = not applicable; UCLA-LS-8 = University of California Los Angeles, Loneliness Scale-8-item measures; UCLA-LS-9 = University of California Los Angeles, Loneliness Scale-9-item measures; UCLA-LS-10 = University of California Los Angeles, Loneliness Scale-10-item measures; UCLA-LS-20 = University of California Los Angeles, Loneliness Scale-20-item measures; ESEM = Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling.
The UCLA-9 tested here is a three-factor model, with the three factors correlated.