Table 1.
Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) list
| SASP factors | Secretory profile of senescent cells |
|---|---|
| Cytokines | |
| IL-1α, -1β, -6, -7, -13, -15, -18; TNF-α | ↑ |
| Chemokines (CXCL, CCL) | |
| CCL-17, -20; CXCL-1, -2; IL-8/CXCL-8; IP-10/CXCL-10; Eotaxin-3; GRO-a, -b, -g; HCC-4; MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-2, -4; MIP-1a, -3a | ↑ |
| Growth factors | |
| EGF; FGF2; HGF; VEGF; PDGF | ↑ |
| Proteases and regulators | |
| BLC; Cathepsin B; COX-1, -2; DPP4; G-CSF; GM-CSF; IFN-γ; M-CSF/CSF-1; MIF; MMP-1, -3, -10, -12, -13, -14; SEMA3F; SERPINs; PAI-1, -2; TIMP-2 | ↑ |
| Soluble or shed receptors or ligands | |
| ANXA3; Fas; TSPAN8; ICAM-1, -3; OPG; sTNFRI; SGP130; sTNFRII; TRAIL-R3 | ↑ |
| Other soluble factors | |
| Nitric oxide; PGE2; ROS | ↑ |
| Extracellular matrix (ECM) | |
| Collagens; Fibronectin; Laminin; SPARC | ↑ |
SASP is a phenomenon where senescent cells secrete a variety of factors that can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on nearby cells. These factors include cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and proteases, among others. The table shows factors significantly altered between normal and senescent states, arranged by family. Upward arrows indicate an increase in secretion during senescence, crosses indicate no change, and downward arrows indicate a decrease
BLC B-lymphocyte chemoattractant, COX cyclooxygenase, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase, ECM extracellular matrix, EGF endothelial growth factor, FGF2 fibroblast growth factor 2, G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GRO growth-related oncogene, HGF hepatocyte growth factor, ICAM intercellular adhesion molecule, IGFBP insulin-like growth factor binding protein, IL interleukins, IP interferon-gamma-induced protein, MCP membrane cofactor protein, M-CSF macrophage colony-stimulating factor, MMP matrix metalloproteinase, NGF nerve growth factor, OPG osteoprotegerin, PAI plasminogen activator inhibitor; PDGF Platelet-derived growth factor, PGE2 prostaglandin E2, PIGF placental growth factor, ROS reactive oxygen species, SCF stem cell factor, SDF stromal cell derived factor, SEMA3F semaphorin-3F, SPARC secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, sTNFR soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor, TIMP tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, TRAIL tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor