Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Maternal | Cocaine (n=158) |
Non-cocaine (n=161) |
t/χ2/F | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | Range | M±SD | Range | |||
| Age (years) | 28.8±5 | (18–41) | 25.6±5 | (18–40) | −6.1 | 0.000 |
| Parity | 3.3±2 | (1–10) | 2.7±2 | (1–10) | −2.5 | 0.012 |
| Gravida | 4.7±2 | (1–14) | 3.7±2 | (1–11) | −4.1 | 0.000 |
| Number of prenatal care visitsa | 6.0±5 | (0–25) | 8.7±5 | (0–25) | 18.7 | 0.0001 |
| Month began prenatal care | 4.5±2 | (1–9) | 3.5±2 | (1–9) | −4.7 | 0.0000 |
| PPVT-R standard score | 73.8±14 | (40–121) | 78.6±15 | (41–123) | 2.9 | 0.004 |
| WAIS-R BD score | 6.9±2 | (1–14) | 7.3±2 | (1–13) | 1.6 | 0.12 |
| WAIS-R PC score | 6.6±2 | (3–12) | 7.0±2 | (2–17) | 1.9 | 0.06 |
| General severity index (mother) | 0.82±0.8 | (0–3.8) | 0.50±0.5 | (0–2.9) | −5.0 | 0.000 |
| General severity index (current caregiver) | 0.64±0.65 | (0–3.8) | 0.47±0.5 | (0–2.9) | −2.7 | 0.008 |
| Race (non-white) | 128 (81%) | 129 (80%) | 0.04 | 0.84 | ||
| No prenatal care | 24 (15%) | 15 (9%) | 2.5 | 0.11 | ||
| Alcohol use | 134 (88%) | 101 (63%) | 25.7 | 0.001 | ||
| Marijuana use | 83 (54%) | 18 (11%) | 66.7 | 0.001 | ||
| Tobacco use | 136 (89%) | 65 (40%) | 80.2 | 0.001 | ||
| Amphetamine use | 4 (3%) | 2 (1%) | 0.8 | 0.38 | ||
| Barbiturate use | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0.40 | 0.53 | ||
| Valium use | 20 (16%) | 0 (0%) | 0.6 | 0.001 | ||
| Heroin use | 4 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.06 | |||
| PCP | 8 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.001 | |||
| Maternal employment | 9 (6%) | 34 (21%) | 16.3 | 0.001 | ||
| Married | 10 (6%) | 30 (19%) | 11.0 | 0.001 | ||
| Low socioeconomic status | 153 (98%) | 157 (98%) | 0.00 | 0.97 | ||
| Education < high school graduate | 68 (43%) | 53 (33%) | 3.5 | 0.06 | ||
a
p adjusted for gestational age.