Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population overall and stratified by periodontal status
| Stage I/II | Stage III | Stage IV | Total | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 536 | 861 | 981 | 2378 | |
| Age | 51.04 ± 9.08 | 55.32 ± 10.20 | 61.62 ± 10.01 | 56.95 ± 10.74 | < 0.001 |
| Gender | 0.017 | ||||
| Male | 227 (42,35) | 430 (49.94) | 476 (48.52) | 1133 (47.65) | |
| Female | 309 (57.65) | 431 (50.06)) | 505 (51.48) | 1245 (52.35) | |
| Race | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 55 (10.26) | 166 (19.28) | 120 (12.23) | 341 (14.34) | |
| Other Hispanic | 30 (5.6) | 87 (10.10) | 110 (11.21) | 227 (9.55) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 307 (57.28) | 354 (41.11) | 383 (39.04) | 1044 (43.90) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 49 (9.14) | 134 (15.56) | 257 (26.20) | 440 (18.50) | |
| Other | 95 (17.72) | 120 (13.94) | 111 (11.31) | 326 (13.71) | |
| Number of lost teeth | 0.52 ± 1.27 | 2.21 ± 1.44 | 15.13 ± 8.53 | 7.16 ± 8.73 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.00 ± 6.66 | 29.64 ± 6.61 | 29.77 ± 6.95 | 29.55 ± 6.76 | 0.096 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.68 ± 15.29 | 125.47 ± 16.42 | 130.17 ± 19.68 | 126.07 ± 18.03 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.85 ± 10.22 | 72.51 ± 10.85 | 70.51 ± 12.40 | 71.55 ± 11.40 | 0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.15 ± 1.03 | 5.12 ± 1.23 | 4.94 ± 1.06 | 5.05 ± 1.12 | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.36 ± 1.19 | 1.52 ± 2.50 | 1.41 ± 0.98 | 1.44 ± 1.70 | 0.417 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.08 ± 0.93 | 3.16 ± 0.85 | 2.92 ± 0.92 | 3.01 ± 0.90 | 0.025 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.64 ± 0.91 | 5.93 ± 1.15 | 6.14 ± 1.34 | 5.95 ± 1.20 | < 0.001 |
| OGTT 2 h blood glucose (mmol/L) | 6.72 ± 2.70 | 6.73 ± 2.44 | 7.33 ± 3.58 | 6.95 ± 2.99 | 0.017 |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/L) | 76.12 ± 30.06 | 68.19 ± 27.95 | 67.06 ± 30.06 | 69.51 ± 29.52 | < 0.001 |
| White blood cell (*109/L) | 6.88 ± 2.07 | 7.19 ± 2.13 | 7.32 ± 2.19 | 7.17 ± 2.15 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.02 ± 1.38 | 14.09 ± 1.46 | 13.79 ± 1.53 | 13.95 ± 1.48 | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (≥ 12drinks per year) | 397(78.46) | 611(74.24) | 631(67.63) | 1639(72.46) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking (≥ 100 cigarettes in life) | 162(30.22) | 344(39.95) | 592(60.41) | 1098(46.19) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 204(38.06) | 411(47.74) | 628(64.02) | 1243(52.27) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 67(12.50) | 181(21.02) | 293(29.87) | 541(22.75) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 286(53.36) | 478(55.52) | 596(60.75) | 1360(57.19) | 0.010 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 17(3.17) | 48(5.59) | 131(13.42) | 196(8.27) | < 0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 21(3.92) | 58(6.77) | 90(9.19) | 169(7.12) | < 0.001 |
| Arthritis | 136(25.37) | 252(29.30) | 425(43.46) | 813(34.25) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer | 56(10.45) | 74(8.59) | 131(13.35) | 261(10.98) | 0.005 |
| Thyroid disease | 68(12.69) | 100(11.66) | 126(12.87) | 294(12.39) | 0.712 |
| α-Klotho (pg/mL) | 896.16 ± 304.84 | 871.08 ± 266.42 | 840.52 ± 286.24 | 864.13 ± 284.35 | < 0.001 |
Continuous variables are shown as X̅ ± SD, categorical variables are shown as N(%); The Absent values includes: Alcohol consumption (n = 116, 4.88%), Smoking (n = 1, < 0.01%), Cardiovascular disease (n = 7, < 0.01%), Osteoporosis (n = 4, < 0.01%), Arthritis (n = 4, < 0.01%), Thyroid disease (n = 5, < 0.01%)