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. 2023 Jun 7;14:159. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03387-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — eMSCs combined with MPA had the highest inhibitory effect on EC growth. A CM obtained from eMSCs combined with MPA had the highest proliferation-inhibiting effect on EC cells. RL95-2 and HEC-1A cells were treated with 10 μM MPA with or without CM of eMSCs for 48 h before Cell Viability Assay. EC organoids were treated with 10 μM MPA with or without CM of eMSCs for 96 h before CCK-8 assay. B CM obtained from eMSCs combined with 20 μM MPA effectively inhibited viability of EC organoids, compared to using CM or MPA alone. Three-dimensional cell viability assay was used to assess the viability of EC organoids treated with MPA and/or CM of eMSCs for 96 h. C DKK1 combined with MPA had highest anti-proliferative effect on EC organoids compared with DKK1 or MPA alone. EC organoids were treated with or without MPA (20 μM) in the presence of DKK1 (100 ng/mL) or not for 96 h to assess cell viability by three-dimensional cell viability assay. NM, normal medium; CM, conditioned medium; Data were analyzed by ratio t-test (A-C). ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001