Table 2.
Meta-analysis of studies regarding plasma/serum and CSF chemokines
| Comparison | Chemokine | Sample | No of study | N | Main effect | Heterogeneity | Publication bias | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RoM (95% CI) | P value | I2 (%) | P value | p for Begg’s | p for Egger’s | |||||
| AD vs HC | CCL1 |
Plasma/ serum |
3 | 199/696 | 1.56 (1.02–2.39) | 0.126# | 92.3 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.51 |
| CCL2 | 20 | 2017/1953 | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) | 0.726# | 98.7 | < 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.06 | ||
| CCL3 | 5 | 244/321 | 1.36 (0.80–2.30) | 0.759# | 99.1 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.72 | ||
| CCL4 | 4 | 406/342 | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) | 1.701# | 37.9 | 0.148 | 0.31 | 0.09 | ||
| CCL5 | 6 | 216/136 | 0.99 (0.62–1.60) | 2.73# | 97.8 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.57 | ||
| CCL7 | 4 | 277/261 | 1.19 (0.83–1.72) | 2.304# | 87 | 0.349 | 1 | 0.76 | ||
| CCL11 | 3 | 301/284 | 1.17 (0.83–1.64) | 1.131# | 67.3 | 0.047 | 1 | 0.80 | ||
| CCL15 | 3 | 207/78 | 1.29 (1.13–1.47) | 0.009# | 48.7 | 0.142 | 0.09 | 0.06 | ||
| CCL17 | 4 | 140/175 | 1.31 (0.88–1.96) | 0.18 | 80 | 0.002 | 0.31 | 0.60 | ||
| CCL18 | 2 | 238/193 | 1.05 (0.79–1.38) | 0.753 | 62.9 | 0.101 | - | - | ||
| CCL19 | 2 | 43/50 | 1.71 (0.30–9.87) | 0.55 | 91.2 | 0.001 | - | - | ||
| CCL22 | 2 | 111/59 | 1.04 (0.65–1.67) | 0.864 | 72.7 | 0.056 | - | - | ||
| CCL26 | 3 | 174/701 | 0.81 (0.60–1.10) | 0.346# | 0 | 0.747 | 1 | 0.25 | ||
| CCL27 | 3 | 58/87 | 1.34 (1.19–1.51) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.368 | 0.30 | 0.55 | ||
| CXCL1 | 4 | 92/108 | 1.28 (0.93–1.77) | 0.126 | 55.1 | 0.083 | 0.31 | 0.41 | ||
| CXCL8 | 18 | 727/580 | 1.18 (0.85–1.62) | 0.966# | 98 | < 0.001 | 0.77a | 0.21a | ||
| CXCL9 | 3 | 140/108 | 1.78 (1.39–2.28) | < 0.001 | 46.9 | 0.152 | 0.31 | 0.05 | ||
| CXCL10 | 3 | 78/64 | 1.92 (1.03–3.58) | 0.039 | 99.4 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.44 | ||
| CXCL12 | 3 | 78/98 | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) | 0.727 | 91 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.97 | ||
| CX3CL1 | 4 | 148/131 | 1.20 (0.96–1.50) | 0.33# | 84.1 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.51 | ||
| AD vs MCI | CCL1 | 2 | 120/95 | 1.37 (1.17–1.59) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.772 | - | - | |
| CCL2 | 9 | 1026/573 | 1.13 (0.80–1.59) | 1.095# | 85.6 | < 0.001 | 0.60 | 0.53 | ||
| CCL3 | 2 | 56/81 | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 2.982# | 0 | 0.722 | - | - | ||
| CCL4 | 4 | 536/405 | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 1.227# | 0 | 0.704 | 0.31 | 0.11 | ||
| CCL5 | 2 | 124/95 | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 2.7# | 52.5 | 0.147 | - | - | ||
| CCL7 | 2 | 106/69 | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) | 0.3# | 0 | 0.843 | - | - | ||
| CCL11 | 2 | 290/250 | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 0.489# | 32.1 | 0.225 | - | - | ||
| CCL15 | 2 | 188/111 | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | 0.135# | 0 | 0.996 | - | - | ||
| CXCL8 | 6 | 271/302 | 1.13 (0.80–1.59) | 1.497# | 89.3 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.08 | ||
| CXCL9 | 2 | 46/61 | 2.29 (1.57–3.32) | < 0.001 | 25.8 | 0.246 | - | - | ||
| CX3CL1 | 2 | 93/69 | 0.77 (0.62–0.96) | 0.05# | 0 | 0.938 | - | - | ||
| MCI vs HC | CCL1 | 2 | 95/631 | 1.30 (0.66–2.54) | 1.356# | 90.6 | 0.001 | - | - | |
| CCL2 | 13 | 655/665 | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 0.369# | 77.6 | < 0.001 | 0.50 | 0.412 | ||
| CCL3 | 2 | 95/31 | 0.64 (0.22–1.92) | 1.827# | 91 | 0.001 | - | - | ||
| CCL4 | 3 | 317/311 | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 1.059# | 1.8 | 0.361 | 1 | 0.51 | ||
| CCL5 | 2 | 81/89 | 1.28 (0.50–3.23) | 1.281# | 79.7 | 0.027 | - | - | ||
| CCL7 | 2 | 69/38 | 0.94 (0.73–1.22) | 1.971# | 42.1 | 0.189 | - | - | ||
| CCL11 | 6 | 347/331 | 1.03 (0.97–1.1) | 0.933# | 0 | 0.824 | 1 | 0.49 | ||
| CCL15 | 2 | 111/59 | 1.16 (1.01–1.35) | 0.117# | 0 | 0.654 | - | - | ||
| CCL26 | 2 | 82/107 | 1.27 (0.63–2.57) | 1.768# | 41 | 0.193 | - | - | ||
| CXCL8 | 7 | 340/194 | 1.05 (0.61–1.80) | 2.589# | 96.4 | < 0.001 | 0.45a | 0.79a | ||
| CXCL9 | 2 | 61/52 | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 2.79# | 0 | 0.324 | - | - | ||
| CX3CL1 | 2 | 69/77 | 2.02 (1.58–2.58) | < 0.001 | 19.2 | 0.266 | - | - | ||
| AD vs HC | CCL2 | CSF | 12 | 310/338 | 1.19 (1.13–1.25) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.73 |
| CCL5 | 2 | 38/56 | 1.30 (0.66–2.57) | 0.451 | 48.3 | 0.164 | - | - | ||
| CXCL8 | 10 | 260/308 | 1.22 (0.99–1.50) | 0.174# | 86.8 | < 0.001 | 0.59 | 0.85 | ||
| CXCL10 | 5 | 295/231 | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 2.007# | 68.8 | 0.012 | 0.46 | 0.60 | ||
| CXCL12 | 2 | 42/47 | 0.95 (0.62–1.46) | 0.803 | 83.8 | 0.013 | - | - | ||
| CX3CL1 | 4 | 133/207 | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 0.933# | 51.6 | 0.102 | 0.73 | 0.71 | ||
| MCI vs HC | CCL2 | 6 | 175/171 | 1.16 (1.05–1.29) | 0.012# | 59.2 | 0.031 | 0.26 | 0.39 | |
| CXCL8 | 3 | 65/85 | 1.52 (0.70–3.29) | 0.585# | 96.2 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.37 | ||
| CXCL10 | 2 | 52/66 | 1.19 (0.48–2.97) | 2.103# | 92.6 | < 0.001 | - | - | ||
| CX3CL1 | 3 | 72/70 | 1.27 (0.71–2.28) | 1.266# | 89.7 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.63 | ||
| AD vs MCI | CCL2 | 5 | 130/123 | 1.04 (0.90–1.19) | 1.893# | 56.3 | 0.058 | 1 | 0.33 | |
| CXCL8 | 3 | 61/65 | 0.72 (0.38–1.37) | 0.96# | 94.7 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.47 | ||
| CXCL10 | 2 | 36/52 | 1.08 (0.56–2.08) | 2.454# | 76.2 | 0.04 | - | - | ||
| CX3CL1 | 3 | 83/72 | 0.80 (0.51–1.27) | 1.044# | 81.1 | 0.005 | 1 | 0.33 | ||
AD Alzheimer’s disease, MCI Mild cognitive impairment, HC Healthy control, CSF Cerebrospinal fluid, RoM Ratio of mean, CI Confident interval
a When removing the outlier (Kim et al.’s study)
#p value with Bonferroni corrected