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. 2023 Jun 8;24:386. doi: 10.1186/s13063-023-07384-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Trends of haemodynamic parameters (mean ± SD) in each group. T0: baseline, T1: start anaesthesia induction, T2: endotracheal intubation, T21, 22, 23: 5, 10, 15 min after endotracheal intubation, T3: skin incision, T4: end of operation, T502, 501: 10, 5 min before awakening, T5: awakening, T6: endotracheal extubation, T61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 min after endotracheal extubation, T7: 30 min after operation, T8, 9, 10: 1, 2, 6 h after operation. Group MD: midazolam 0.03 mg/kg for anaesthesia induction. Group NS: normal saline at the rate of 60 ml/h for 15 min before anaesthesia induction + 0.125 ml/kg/h continuous infusion until the end of operation. Group D0.25: dexmedetomidine 0.25 μg/kg for 15 min before anaesthesia induction + 0.5 μg/kg/h continuous infusion until the end of operation. Group D0.5: dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg for 15 min before anaesthesia induction + 0.5 μg/kg/h continuous infusion until the end of operation. Group D0.75: dexmedetomidine 0.75 μg/kg for 15 min before anaesthesia induction + 0.5 μg/kg/h continuous infusion until the end of operation