Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Characteristics | All patients | Resistant hypertension group N = 959 |
Non-resistant hypertension group N = 5,090 |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | < 0.001 | |||
| 20–35 years | 128 (2.1%) | 9 (0.94%) | 119 (2.34%) | |
| 36–50 years | 869 (14.4%) | 80 (8.34%) | 789 (15.50%) | |
| 51–65 years | 2301 (38.0%) | 299 (31.18%) | 2002 (39.33%) | |
| Over 65 years | 2751 (45.5%) | 571 (59.54%) | 2180 (42.83%) | |
| Sex | < 0.05 | |||
| Male | 2852 (47.1%) | 487 (50.78%) | 2365 (46.46%) | |
| Female | 3197 (52.9%) | 472 (49.22%) | 2725 (53.54%) | |
| Race1 | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic Blacks | 1676 (27.7%) | 379 (39.52%) | 1297 (25.48%) | |
| Other races | 4373 (72.3%) | 580 (60.48%) | 3793 (74.52%) | |
| Family PIR2 | < 0.01 | |||
| ≤ 1.85 | 2406 (39.8%) | 407 (42.44%) | 1999 (39.27%) | |
| > 1.85 | 3082 (51.0%) | 446 (46.51%) | 2636 (51.79%) | |
| Unknown | 561 (9.3%) | 106 (11.05%) | 455 (8.94%) | |
| Marital status | < 0.05 | |||
| Married | 3318 (54.9%) | 486 (50.68%) | 2832 (55.64%) | |
| Unmarried | 2214 (36.6%) | 385 (40.15%) | 1829 (35.93%) | |
| Other status | 517 (8.5%) | 88 (9.18%) | 429 (8.43%) | |
| Former and current smoker | 3030 (50.09%) | 519 (54.12%) | 2511 (49.33%) | < 0.01 |
| Body mass index3 | < 0.01 | |||
| < 25 kg/m2 | 873 (14.4%) | 118 (12.3%) | 755 (14.8%) | |
| 25–30 kg/m2 | 1864 (30.8%) | 261 (27.2%) | 1603 (31.5%) | |
| > 30 kg/m2 | 3312 (54.8%) | 580 (60.5%) | 2732 (53.7%) | |
| Log (ALT)4 | 3.08 ± 0.44 | 3.04 ± 0.44 | 3.09 ± 0.44 | < 0.001 |
| Log (AST)5 | 3.18 ± 0.34 | 3.16 ± 0.33 | 3.18 ± 0.34 | > 0.05 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 4.79 ± 1.06 | 4.67 ± 1.11 | 4.82 ± 1.05 | < 0.001 |
|
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) |
76.37 ± 23.86 | 68.18 ± 24.89 | 77.92 ± 23.34 | < 0.001 |
| Sodium intake (mg/d) | 3189.55 ± 1588.37 | 3066.58 ± 1495.92 | 3212.72 ± 1604.28 | < 0.05 |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1893.29 ± 828.03 | 1807.65 ± 783.65 | 1909.43 ± 835.22 | < 0.001 |
| Fat intake (gm/d) | 74.24 ± 40.95 | 70.61 ± 40.09 | 74.92 ± 41.08 | < 0.05 |
| Metabolic Equivalents (METs) | 480.00 (0.00-2160.00) | 216.00 (0.00-1440.00) | 480.00 (0.00-2400.00) | < 0.001 |
| With sufficient PA | 2819 (46.60%) | 382 (39.83%) | 2437 (47.88%) | < 0.001 |
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PA, physical activity; PIR, poverty index ratio; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase;
1Considering the impact of race on resistant hypertension, race was divided into non-Hispanic blacks and other races (Mexican Americans, other Hispanics, non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic Asians, and others);
2Below poverty level was defined as PIR < 1.85, above poverty level was defined as PIR > 1.85;
3Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. Overweight was defined as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and < 30 kg/m2, and obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2;
4Log (ALT), natural logarithm of ALT;
5Log (AST), natural logarithm of AST;