Table 1.
Sample description.
| M (SD) or N(%) | % Imputed | |
|---|---|---|
| Mother’s age | 25.20 (6.02) | 1 (0.03 %) |
| Married/cohabitating | 1685 (53.95 %) | 2 (0.06 %) |
| Household income | $36,222 ($44,999) | 0 (0.00 %) |
| Mother’s race | 7 (0.22 %) | |
| White | 687 (22.00 %) | |
| Black | 1572 (50.34 %) | |
| Hispanic | 755 (24.18 %) | |
| Other race | 109 (3.49 %) | |
| Mother’s highest education | 2 (0.06 %) | |
| Less than high school diploma | 732 (23.44 %) | |
| High school diploma/GED | 816 (26.13 %) | |
| Some college | 1139 (36.47 %) | |
| College degree or higher | 436 (13.96 %) | |
| Child gender | 0 (0.00 %) | |
| Male | 1629 (52.16 %) | |
| Female | 1494 (47.84 %) | |
| Neighborhood cohesion | ||
| People around here are willing to help their neighbors | 3.82 (1.24) | 511 (16.36 %) |
| This is a close-knit neighborhood | 3.51 (1.36) | 520 (16.65 %) |
| People in this neighborhood can be trusted | 3.31 (1.39) | 521 (16.68 %) |
| People in this neighborhood generally don’t get along with each othera | 3.58 (1.29) | 518 (16.59 %) |
| People in this neighborhood do not share the same valuesa | 3.12 (1.34) | 525 (16.81 %) |
| Housing insecurity | ||
| Did not pay full amount of rent/mortgage | 445 (14.25 %) | 7 (0.22 %) |
| Evicted from home or apartment | 68 (2.18 %) | 6 (0.19 %) |
| Did not pay full amount of utilities | 806 (25.81 %) | 10 (0.32 %) |
| Electricity turned off | 249 (7.97 %) | 6 (0.19 %) |
| Doubled up | 249 (7.97 %) | 6 (0.19 %) |
| Homeless | 63 (2.02 %) | 5 (0.16 %) |
| Psychological aggressionb | ||
| Parent has shouted, yelled, or screamed at child | 3.14 (1.90) | 283 (9.06 %) |
| Parent has threatened to spank or hit child but did not actually do it | 2.60 (2.20 %) | 267 (8.55 %) |
| Parent has swore or cursed at child | 0.88 (1.46) | 278 (8.90 %) |
| Parent has called child dumb/lazy/some other name like that | 0.47 (1.08) | 249 (7.97 %) |
| Parent has said would send child away or kick child out of the house | 0.16 (0.63) | 257 (8.23 %) |
| Physical aggressionb | ||
| Parent has spanked child on bottom with bare hand | 1.24 (1.57) | 275 (8.81 %) |
| Parent has spanked child on bottom with brush or other hard object | 0.88 (1.40) | 277 (8.87 %) |
| Parent has slapped child on hand, arm, or leg | 1.13 (1.56) | 269 (8.61 %) |
| Parent has pinched child | 0.27 (0.86) | 287 (9.19 %) |
| Parent shook child | 0.12 (0.55) | 398 (12.74 %) |
a
Reverse coded.
b
Measured on a 6-point scale.