Table 3.

Results of structural model testing direct and indirect pathways from neighborhood cohesion to aggression in parenting

DV	IV	Direct		Indirect via housing insecurity
		β	95 % CI	β	95 % CI
Neighborhood social cohesion	Mother’s age	0.111***	0.068, 0.147
	Married/cohabitating	0.065**	0.019, 0.104
	Household income	0.128**	0.059, 0.219
	Mother’s race
	Black	−0.211***	−0.259, −0.162
	Hispanic	−0.083***	−0.135, −0.037
	Other race	−0.036	−0.068, 0.005
	Mother’s Highest Education
	HS diploma/GED	−0.050*	−0.094, −0.013
	Some college	0.056*	0.004, 0.098
	College degree or higher	0.085**	0.027, 0.130
Housing insecurity	Neighborhood cohesion	−0.074*	−0.129, −0.022
	Mother’s age	−0.022	−0.079, 0.030
	Married/cohabitating	−0.044	−0.099, 0.000
	Household income	−0.336***	−0.442, −0.243
	Mother’s race
	Black	−0.046	−0.106, 0.016
	Hispanic	−0.137***	−0.191, −0.080
	Other race	0.019	−0.059, 0.065
	Mother’s highest education
	HS diploma/GED	−0.045	−0.101, 0.007
	Some college	0.036	−0.023, 0.099
	College degree or higher	−0.072	−0.157, −0.015
Psychological abuse	Housing insecurity	0.168***	0.108, 0.214
	Neighborhood social cohesion	−0.105***	−0.161, −0.063	−0.012*	−0.025, −0.002
	Mother’s age	−0.106***	−0.157, −0.064
	Married/cohabitating	−0.007	−0.048, 0.036
	Household income	0.045	−0.006, 0.100
	Mother’s race
	Black	0.023	−0.030, 0.087
	Hispanic	−0.091**	−0.148, −0.036
	Other race	−0.014	−0.058, 0.032
	Mother’s highest education
	HS diploma/GED	0.048	−0.004, 0.098
	Some college	0.104***	0.046, 0.157
	College degree or higher	0.047	−0.005, 0.097
	Child male	0.092***	0.050, 0.133
Physical abuse	Housing insecurity	0.148***	0.075, 0.206
	Neighborhood social cohesion	−0.064*	−0.117, −0.024	−0.011*	−0.022, −0.002
	Mother’s age	−0.119***	−0.163, −0.082
	Married/cohabitating	−0.025	−0.068, 0.018
	Household income	0.045	−0.013, 0.093
	Mother’s race
	Black	0.203***	0.137, 0.259
	Hispanic	0.059	−0.003, 0.119
	Other race	0.027	−0.023, 0.076
	Mother’s Highest Education
	HS diploma/GED	0.059*	0.003, 0.111
	Some college	0.061*	0.019, 0.113
	College degree or higher	0.031	−0.026, 0.095
	Child Male	0.060**	0.019, 0.098
Model fit	RMSEA (95 % CI)	CFI	SRMR	x2
	0.028 (0.026–0030)	0.973	0.060	1202.396***

Note: Table presents standardized estimates.

^***p < 0.001.

^**p < 0.01.

^*p < 0.05.