Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for all participants (n = 1215).

	Total sample % or mean	Rural n = 518	Urban n = 697	Test statistica
Demographics
Age	33.1	33.3	32.9	−0.82
Female	29.8%	27.8%	31.3%	1.72
Nonwhite	22.9%	11.4%	31.4%	67.57***
Never married	42.3%	32.6%	49.5%	34.66***
Employed full or part-time	53.3%	68.3%	73.3%	3.59*
Baseline arrests (past year)	2.1	2.0	2.1	0.49
Behavioral healthfactors
Depression during one-year post-release	29.8%	29.7%	29.8%	0.01
Illicit substance use during one-year post-release
- Amphetamines	6.9%	7.7%	6.3%	0.92
- Cocaine	13.1%	10.6%	14.9%	4.84*
- Marijuana	24.5%	23.2%	25.5%	0.90
- Any opiate	17.6%	19.7%	16.1%	2.69
- Tranquilizers	8.6%	8.9%	8.5%	0.07
Relapsed to any substance during one-year post-release	55.2%	54.6%	55.7%	0.13
Treatment utilization
Any lifetime substance use treatment	61.6%	56.4%	65.4%	10.29***
Any AA/NA attendance during one-year post-release	78.8%	73.8%	82.5%	13.61***
Recidivism
Any return to custody	26.3%	19.9%	31.0%	18.93**
Average days on the street before re-arrest (n = 319)	196.5	210.4	184.8	2.27*

^aNote: test statistics represent significant differences between rural and urban participants using X²/t-scores with

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001.