Table 3.
General practitioners’ pharmacological strategies stratified by COVID-19 disease severity and by period of infection of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection followed by general practitioners in Modena’s province (Italy) from March 2020 to April 2021.
| Pharmacological treatment | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics |
|
Antibiotics |
|
||||||||||
| n | None | Anya | Beta-lactam | Macrolide | Quinolones | LWMH | Oxygen | Steroid | NSAID | Paracetamol | HCQ | ||
| Overall | Total | 5340 | 1413 (27) | 1492 (28) | 867 (16) | 806 (15) | 91 (2) | 870 (16) | 202 (4) | 682 (13) | 1566 (29) | 2509 (47) | 46 (1) |
| First Wave | 298 | 60 (20) | 121 (41) | 64 (1) | 74 (25) | 12 (4) | 45 (15) | 13 (4) | 36 (12) | 64 (22) | 178 (60) | 34 (11) | |
| Sub. Waves | 5042 | 1353 (27) | 1371 (27) | 803 (15) | 732 (15) | 79 (2) | 825 (16) | 189 (4) | 646 (13) | 1502 (30) | 2331 (46) | 12 (0) | |
| p* | .011 | <.001 | .015 | <.001 | <.001 | .628 | .533 | .789 | .002 | <.001 | <.001 | ||
| NIH stage 0 | First Wave | 18 | 12 (67) | 3 (17) | 2 (0) | 1 (6) | 1 (6) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (11) | 0 (0) |
| Asymptomatic | Sub. Waves | 901 | 657 (73) | 67 (7) | 44 (5) | 28 (3) | 4 (0) | 22 (2) | 0 (0) | 11 (1) | 82 (9) | 110 (12) | 1 (0) |
| p* | .594 | .152 | .226 | .442 | .094 | .369 | – | 1 | .395 | 1 | 1 | ||
| NIH stage 1 | First Wave | 108 | 28 (26) | 29 (27) | 17 (1) | 18 (17) | 2 (2) | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | 28 (26) | 62 (57) | 4 (4) |
| Mild disease | Sub. Waves | 2856 | 634 (22) | 532 (19) | 265 (9) | 301 (11) | 25 (1) | 164 (6) | 1 (0) | 128 (5) | 981 (34) | 1469 (51) | 5 (0) |
| p* | .348 | .044 | .030 | .056 | .258 | .832 | 1 | .630 | .078 | .240 | <.001 | ||
| NIH stage 2 | First Wave | 77 | 8 (10) | 47 (61) | 21 (3) | 32 (42) | 2 (3) | 13 (17) | 0 (0) | 9 (12) | 16 (21) | 54 (70) | 20 (26) |
| Moderate disease | Sub. Waves | 746 | 28 (4) | 446 (60) | 274 (33) | 232 (31) | 26 (4) | 316 (42) | 14 (2) | 242 (32) | 309 (41) | 448 (60) | 4 (1) |
| p* | .014 | .903 | .106 | .072 | 1 | <.001 | .633 | <.001 | <.001 | .087 | <.001 | ||
| NIH stage 3 | First Wave | 45 | 2 (4) | 28 (62) | 16 (4) | 16 (36) | 3 (7) | 18 (40) | 7 (16) | 13 (29) | 13 (29) | 26 (58) | 7 (16) |
| Severe disease | Sub. Waves | 344 | 16 (5) | 221 (64) | 146 (38) | 121 (35) | 14 (4) | 226 (66) | 105 (31) | 180 (52) | 97 (28) | 202 (59) | 2 (1) |
| p* | 1 | .869 | .424 | 1 | .430 | .002 | .037 | .004 | 1 | 1 | .008 | ||
| NIH stage 4 | First Wave | 50 | 10 (20) | 14 (28) | 8 (3) | 7 (14) | 4 (8) | 8 (16) | 6 (12) | 11 (22) | 7 (14) | 34 (68) | 3 (6) |
| Critical disease | Sub. Waves | 195 | 18 (9) | 105 (54) | 74 (30) | 50 (26) | 10 (5) | 97 (50) | 69 (35) | 85 (44) | 33 (17) | 102 (52) | 0 (0) |
| p* | .010 | <.001 | .004 | .093 | .493 | <.001 | <.001 | .006 | .830 | .056 | <.001 | ||
LWMH: low-weight-molecular-heparin; NSAID: non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine. First Wave: March 2020 – May 2020, Subsequent (Sub.) Waves: June 2020 – April 2021), NIH: US National Institute of Health. Categorical variables are reported as number and percentage on n.
*Calculated using Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test when appropriate.
aNumber of patients that received antibiotics, single or in combination.