TABLE 3.
Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis
| Study | Country of study |
Study design |
Subject count |
Study follow-up |
Mean follow-up length (years) |
Exposure source |
Cases | Deaths |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azizova 2021 (Mayak) (60) | Russia | Cohort | 22,377 | 1948–2013 | n/a | Occupational | 300 | n/a |
| Boice 2014 (72) (Mound) | U.S. | Cohort | 4,954 | 1944–1979 | 40.4 | Occupational | n/a | 33 |
| Boice 2022 (Los Alamos) (54) | U.S. | Cohort | 26,328 | 1943–2017 | 44.9 | Occupational | n/a | 735 |
| Boice 2021 (MRWd) (55) | U.S. | Cohort | 109,019 | 1965–2016 | 23.7 | Occupational | n/a | 326 |
| Boice 2022 (NPPe) (59) | U.S. | Cohort | 135,193 | 1957–2011 | 30.2 | Occupational | n/a | 411 |
| Boice, Quinn 2022 (IRf (26) | U.S. | Cohort | 123,556 | Occupational | n/a | |||
| Gillies 2017 (INWORKS) (62) | France, UK, U.S. | Cohort | 308,297 | 1944–2005 | n/a | Occupational | n/a | 705 |
| Golden 2021 (Mallinckrodt) (56) | U.S. | Cohort | 2,514 | 1942–2012 | 43.3 | Occupational | n/a | 71 for dementia/AD/PD/Motor neuron disease and 50 for dementia/AD |
| SMRa (95% CI) | HRb (95% CI) | ERRc at specified units (CI) | Covariates | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ERR/Gy (95% CI): 1.02 (0.59, 1.63, P = 5.41 × 10−5) | Sex, attained age and duration of employment | Positive | ||
| 0.88 (0.61, 1.24) | ERR (95% CI) at 100 mGy: 0.23 (−0.01,0.54) | Sex, education, year of birth and year of hire | Null | |
| Dementia/AD: 0.92 (0.85, 0.98) PD: 1.16 (1.00, 1.34) | Dementia/AD: HR at 100 mGy: −0.99 (0.83, 1.18); PD: HR at 100 mGy: 1.18 (0.93, 1.49) | Dementia/AD: ERR (95% CI) at 100 mGy: −0.01 (−0.19, 0.16); PD: ERR at 100 mGy: −0.16 (−0.07, 0.40) | Sex, education, year of birth | Null |
| 0.70 (0.63, 0.79) | HR at 100 mGy: 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) | ERR at 100 mGy: 0.05 (95% CI: −0.13, 0.23) | Sex, year of birth and occupational category | Null |
| 0.92 (0.84, 1.02) | HR (95% CI) at 100 mGy: 1.27 (0.98, 1.65) | ERR (95% CI) at 100 mGy: 0.24 (−0.02, 0.50) | Sex, year of birth, and area-level education | Null |
| 0.92 (0.84, 1.02) | HR (95% CI) at 100 mGy: 1.27 (0.98, 1.65) | ERR (95% CI) at 100 mGy: 0.24 (95% CI −0.02, 0.50) | n/a | Null |
| ERR/Sv = 1.30; (90% CI: 0.23, 2.72) | Age, birth-cohort, gender, socioeconomic status, employment duration, employment facility | Positive | ||
| Dementia/AD: 1.18 (0.88, 1.55) Dementia/AD/PD/Motor neuron disease: 1.17 (0.91, 1.48) | HR (95% CI) at 100 mGy: 0.91 (0.64, 1.29) | ERR (95% CI) at 100 mGy: −0.13 (−0.28, 0.02) | Pay type (hourly/salary) and year of birth | Null |
a
Standardized mortality ratio (SMR).
b
Hazard ratio (HR).
c
Excess relative risk (ERR); We assumed that 1.Gy = 1 Sv = 1,000 mSv as a basis to convert ERR reported per 1 Gy or 1 Sv or 100 mGy to per 100 mSv appropriately for consistency across studies.
d
Medical radiation workers.
e
Nuclear power plant workers.
f
Industrial radiographers study, as reported by the Million Person Study.