Table 5. Heterogeneity analysis.
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Developed | Developing | Labour | Capital | Technology | |
| GVCP | GVCP | GVCP | GVCP | GVCP | |
| ROD | 0.0030*** | 0.0106*** | 0.0114** | 0.0061** | 0.0093** |
| (3.4411) | (4.4353) | (2.0541) | (2.1579) | (2.5380) | |
| EPR | 0.1512*** | -0.4664*** | 0.0363 | 0.1329** | 0.0659 |
| (21.6618) | (-28.2624) | (0.7691) | (2.1148) | (1.2546) | |
| PGDP | -0.1449*** | 0.0885*** | 0.0847* | 0.0179 | -0.0575 |
| (-19.0894) | (13.5542) | (1.8742) | (0.3524) | (-0.9410) | |
| TAF | -0.0080*** | -0.0858*** | -0.0243** | -0.0130* | 0.0148 |
| (-10.3175) | (-47.0292) | (-2.0494) | (-1.8468) | (1.6324) | |
| REX | 0.0998*** | 0.0415*** | -0.0496*** | -0.0320 | -0.0041 |
| (48.0133) | (10.6391) | (-2.7652) | (-1.5223) | (-0.1469) | |
| IEF | -0.3549*** | -0.3556*** | -0.0315 | 0.0778 | 0.1766 |
| (-65.6668) | (-37.9169) | (-0.4904) | (0.8569) | (1.3778) | |
| EMP | -0.0028 | 0.0181 | -0.0214* | -0.0038 | 0.0029 |
| (-0.3894) | (1.3865) | (-1.7353) | (-0.3400) | (0.1166) | |
| EXP | 0.0068 | 0.0026 | -0.0033 | -0.0150 | -0.0144 |
| (1.3414) | (0.3650) | (-0.5490) | (-1.5583) | (-1.5616) | |
| IMP | -0.0135*** | 0.0725*** | -0.0239 | -0.0215 | -0.0026 |
| (-3.8767) | (22.3191) | (-1.5169) | (-1.4624) | (-0.1993) | |
| Constant | 484.0551*** | 484.3732*** | 0.9036** | 1.0688*** | 1.1789*** |
| (9,566.0490) | (13,940.5804) | (2.3850) | (2.7055) | (2.6392) | |
| National | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Industry | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Year | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| N | 3,780 | 6,480 | 4,560 | 3,420 | 2,280 |
| R2 | 0.942 | 0.969 | 0.152 | 0.207 | 0.075 |