Table I.
Descriptive characteristics of spina bifida cases by fortification period
Total cases (N = 2593) |
Prefortification, 1992-1996 (N = 573) |
Postfortification, 1999-2016 (N = 2020) |
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Characteristics | Upper | Lower | Total* | % of total cases | Upper | Lower | Total* | % of total cases | Upper | Lower | Total* | % of total cases |
Participating program (years with case data) | ||||||||||||
AZ (1992-1996; 1999-2016) | 70 | 492 | 614 | 23.7 | 34 | 105 | 144 | 25.1 | 36 | 387 | 470 | 23.3 |
CA (1992-1996; 1999-2016) | 49 | 383 | 455 | 17.6 | 19 | 71 | 100 | 17.5 | 30 | 312 | 355 | 17.6 |
MACDP (1992-1996; 1999-2016) | 40 | 283 | 351 | 13.5 | 20 | 57 | 83 | 14.5 | 20 | 226 | 268 | 13.3 |
OK (1994-1996; 1999-2013) | 44 | 223 | 304 | 11.7 | 19 | 52 | 75 | 13.1 | 25 | 171 | 229 | 11.3 |
SC (1992-1996; 1999-2016) | 84 | 403 | 507 | 19.6 | 37 | 83 | 125 | 21.8 | 47 | 320 | 382 | 18.9 |
UT (1994-1996; 1999-2016) | 31 | 325 | 362 | 14.0 | 12 | 32 | 46 | 8.0 | 19 | 293 | 316 | 15.6 |
Total | 318 | 2109 | 2593 | — | 141 | 400 | 573 | — | 177 | 1709 | 2020 | — |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 162 | 1090 | 1328 | 51.2 | 87 | 230 | 332 | 57.9 | 75 | 860 | 996 | 49.3 |
Black, non-Hispanic | 38 | 240 | 300 | 11.6 | 11 | 37 | 52 | 9.1 | 27 | 203 | 248 | 12.3 |
Hispanic | 79 | 570 | 691 | 26.6 | 25 | 82 | 112 | 19.5 | 54 | 488 | 579 | 28.7 |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 6 | 30 | 38 | 1.5 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1.0 | 5 | 26 | 32 | 1.6 |
American Indian/Alaskan native | 12 | 77 | 101 | 3.9 | 4 | 18 | 22 | 3.8 | 8 | 59 | 79 | 3.9 |
Total* | 318 | 2109 | 2593 | — | 141 | 400 | 573 | — | 177 | 1709 | 2020 | — |
Maternal age | ||||||||||||
<20 y | 61 | 206 | 281 | 10.8 | 19 | 59 | 80 | 14.0 | 42 | 147 | 201 | 10.0 |
20-34 y | 208 | 1541 | 1860 | 71.7 | 101 | 274 | 391 | 68.2 | 107 | 1267 | 1469 | 72.7 |
35+ y | 32 | 294 | 355 | 13.7 | 9 | 41 | 56 | 9.8 | 23 | 253 | 299 | 14.8 |
Total* | 318 | 2109 | 2593 | — | 141 | 400 | 573 | — | 177 | 1709 | 2020 | — |
Pregnancy outcome† | ||||||||||||
Live births | 249 | 1718 | 2080 | 80.2 | 104 | 305 | 429 | 74.9 | 145 | 1413 | 1651 | 81.7 |
Stillbirths | 17 | 110 | 156 | 6.0 | 6 | 25 | 36 | 6.3 | 11 | 85 | 120 | 5.9 |
Terminations/other nonlive births | 52 | 279 | 355 | 13.7 | 31 | 70 | 108 | 18.8 | 21 | 209 | 247 | 12.2 |
Total* | 318 | 2109 | 2593 | — | 141 | 400 | 573 | — | 177 | 1709 | 2020 | — |
Infant sex | ||||||||||||
Male | 161 | 1083 | 1326 | 51.1 | 71 | 195 | 282 | 49.2 | 90 | 888 | 1044 | 51.7 |
Female | 147 | 959 | 1182 | 45.6 | 65 | 195 | 275 | 48.0 | 82 | 764 | 907 | 44.9 |
Total* | 318 | 2109 | 2593 | — | 141 | 400 | 573 | — | 177 | 1709 | 2020 | — |
Open/closed lesion | ||||||||||||
Open | 263 | 1892 | 2271 | 87.6 | 124 | 358 | 505 | 88.1 | 139 | 1534 | 1766 | 87.4 |
Closed | 44 | 164 | 220 | 8.6 | 14 | 31 | 50 | 8.7 | 30 | 133 | 170 | 8.4 |
Total* | 318 | 2109 | 2593 | — | 141 | 400 | 573 | — | 177 | 1709 | 2020 | — |
Infant death‡ | ||||||||||||
Living, no known death | 185 | 1492 | 1756 | 84.4 | 81 | 276 | 369 | 86.0 | 104 | 1216 | 1387 | 84.0 |
Known death | 61 | 166 | 258 | 12.4 | 22 | 28 | 58 | 13.5 | 39 | 138 | 200 | 12.1 |
Total* | 249 | 1718 | 2080 | — | 104 | 305 | 429 | — | 145 | 1413 | 1651 | — |
Age at infant death§ | ||||||||||||
Early neonatal (<7 d) | 33 | 78 | 133 | 51.6 | 11 | 12 | 29 | 50.0 | 22 | 66 | 104 | 52.0 |
Late neonatal (7-27 d) | 4 | 20 | 29 | 11.2 | 0 | 6 | 7 | 12.1 | 4 | 14 | 22 | 11.0 |
Postneonatal (28-364 d) | 16 | 36 | 55 | 21.3 | 6 | 3 | 10 | 17.2 | 10 | 33 | 45 | 22.5 |
Total* | 61 | 166 | 258 | – | 22 | 28 | 58 | – | 39 | 138 | 200 | – |
Birth weight by gestational age¶ | ||||||||||||
Small for gestational age | 44 | 291 | 374 | 16.7 | 13 | 62 | 81 | 16.5 | 31 | 229 | 293 | 16.7 |
Appropriate for gestational age | 154 | 1143 | 1357 | 60.5 | 65 | 198 | 272 | 55.5 | 89 | 945 | 1085 | 61.9 |
Large for gestational age | 26 | 159 | 196 | 8.7 | 11 | 29 | 41 | 8.4 | 15 | 130 | 155 | 8.8 |
Total* | 278 | 1826 | 2242 | — | 121 | 343 | 490 | — | 157 | 1483 | 1752 | — |
NH, non-Hispanic; AZ, Arizona; CA, California; MACDP, Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program; OK, Oklahoma; SC, South Carolina; UT, Utah.
Total includes unknown/missing.
Stillbirths include pregnancy losses at ≥20 wks of gestation. Terminations and other nonlive births include pregnancy losses before 20 wks of gestation.
Vital status of cases with live births (see “Overall pregnancy outcome” in this table).
Age at death for liveborn cases with known infant deaths (see “Overall infant death, known death” in this table).
Birth weight not included n = 351; missing or invalid combination, n = 315; Fenton measurements done using the Kramer method (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11483845).