Figure 1.

Conceptual and empirical models of the current study.

(a) The conceptual model of the current study. Bold lines indicate conceptualized pathways as indicated in Feldman’s (2009) study. Big hollow arrows indicate multiple possible moderating relations on both the autoregressive and cross-lagged paths. Covariates: child sex and ethnicity, as well as family income-to-needs ratio and residential state.

(b) The empirical findings of the current study. Bold lines indicate significant paths, dashed lines indicate non-significant paths, and grey lines indicate significant moderation effects by caregiver sensitivity.