. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 8.

Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2021 Mar 20;92(5):e997–e1016. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13559

Table 2.

Unstandardized Coefficient Estimate for the Path Model.

	T1 → T2			T2 → T3			T3 → T4
	B	SE	z	B	SE	z	B	SE	z
	PR T2: R² = 0.14			PR T3: R² = 0.16			EF T4: R² = 0.11
PR	0.30	0.09	3.28 ^***	0.37	0.10	3.80 ^***	0.00	0.02	−0.14
AR	0.11	0.04	2.79 ^**	−0.03	0.06	−0.50	0.02	0.01	2.31 ^*
ER	−0.01	0.05	−0.16	0.08	0.06	1.23	0.00	0.02	−0.21
CS	0.03	0.16	0.18	−0.02	0.16	−0.09	0.09	0.05	1.73
Income-to-needs ratio	−0.07	0.09	−0.76	0.02	0.08	0.21	0.02	0.02	0.81
Child sex	−0.15	0.23	−0.64	0.09	0.23	0.38	0.10	0.06	1.64
State	−0.02	0.31	−0.06	−0.20	0.33	−0.59	0.13	0.08	1.68
Ethnicity	−0.09	0.31	−0.30	−0.48	0.32	−1.50	0.06	0.09	0.72
PR X CS							0.06	0.03	2.13 ^*
	AR T2: R² = 0.13			AR T3: R² = 0.21			BP T4: R² = 0.21
PR	0.10	0.12	0.88	−0.13	0.13	−1.04	−0.02	0.01	−1.68
AR	0.30	0.06	4.66 ^***	0.35	0.07	5.29 ^***	−0.01	0.01	−1.95 ^*
ER	0.02	0.07	0.32	0.03	0.09	0.36	−0.01	0.01	−0.91
CS	0.12	0.21	0.55	0.45	0.22	2.08 ^*	−0.08	0.02	−3.71 ^***
Income-to-needs ratio	0.26	0.10	2.53^*	−0.08	0.12	−0.67	−0.05	0.01	−4.73^***
Child sex	0.08	0.30	0.27	0.78	0.32	2.41^*	−0.05	0.03	−1.85
State	−0.16	0.44	−0.37	−2.35	0.40	−5.90^***	−0.10	0.04	−2.80^**
Ethnicity	−0.80	0.44	−1.82	1.38	0.45	3.07^**	0.04	0.04	0.98
ER X CS	0.19	0.09	2.19 ^*
	ER T2: R² = 0.11			ER T3: R² = 0.10			Com T4: R² = 0.07
PR	−0.02	0.08	−0.24	0.13	0.11	1.21	−0.01	0.03	−0.32
AR	−0.06	0.05	−1.14	0.11	0.05	2.22 ^*	0.04	0.02	2.47 ^*
ER	0.16	0.05	3.20 ^***	0.19	0.07	2.84 ^**	−0.04	0.02	−1.82
CS	−0.16	0.16	−1.01	0.02	0.18	0.13	0.18	0.08	2.45 ^*
Income-to-needs ratio	0.08	0.09	0.95	−0.01	0.10	−0.07	−0.06	0.04	−1.72
Child sex	−0.03	0.24	−0.10	0.25	0.27	0.95	0.13	0.09	1.46
State	0.55	0.31	1.81	−0.83	0.32	−2.60^**	0.03	0.13	0.27
Ethnicity	0.16	0.32	0.49	0.92	0.34	2.71^**	−0.04	0.15	−0.25
PR X CS	0.40	0.10	3.95 ^***
ER X CS	−0.19	0.06	−3.34 ^***

Note. PR = physiological regulation. AR = attention regulation. ER = emotion regulation. CS = caregiver sensitivity. EF = executive functions. BP = behavioral problems. Com = Compliance. T1 = 6 months. T2 = 15 months. T3 = 24 months. T4 = 36 months. Child Sex 1= Boy, 2 = Girl. State 0 = North Carolina, 1 = Pennsylvania. Ethnicity 0 = Black, 1 = Other.

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001 (two-tailed).