a LPC-demyelinated lesions of adult mouse corpus callosum analysed at demyelination (3 DPI; days post-injection), oligodendrocyte differentiation/survival (7 DPI), the onset of remyelination (10 DPI) and late remyelination (14–21 DPI). b Reactive (GFAP+; yellow) astrocytes (SOX9+; cyan) in the corpus callosum (outlined) in no-lesion control and at 3, 7 and 14 DPI. Hoechst indicates nuclei in blue. Scale bar, 100 μm. Inset: increased astrocyte hypertrophy over time. Scale bar, 50 μm. c Mean GFAP+ cells/mm2 ± s.e.m. Two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test versus sham, adjusted P values 0.0142 7 DPI, 0.0164 10 DPI and 0.0057 14 DPI. ANOVA summary (Interaction P = 0.0158, F = 3.338, Time P = 0.0011, F = 5.393, Condition P = 0.0002, F = 17.44). n = 3 mice/group (no lesion, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 DPI LPC), n = 4 mice/group (7 DPI sham), n = 6 mice/group (3 and 14 DPI sham). d Mean proportion of GFAP + SOX9+ cells/mm2 ± s.e.m normalised to total SOX9+ cells. Two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test versus sham, adjusted P value 0.0280 3 DPI. ANOVA summary (Interaction P = 0.2851, F = 1.322, Condition P = 0.0004, F = 16.35, Time P value = 0.0331, F = 3.036). n = 3 mice/group (no lesion, 3, 7, 10, 21 DPI LPC), n = 4 mice/group (14 DPI LPC), n = 5 mice/group (7 DPI sham), n = 6 mice/group (3 and 14 DPI sham). e TRAP of lesions in Aldh1l1-EGFP/Rpl10a mice by purification of eGFP-labelled ribosomes from astrocytes. Scale bar, 50 μm. f Volcano plots of adjusted P values against Log2 fold change at 3 DPI, 7 DPI and 10 DPI compared to control (CT), using a threshold of 1.3-fold and adjusted P value of <0.05. Red indicates upregulated genes, blue represents downregulated genes, and grey indicates genes which were not significantly changed. DESeq2 Benjamini–Hochberg test, adjusted P values <0.05. n = 3 mice/group. Source data is provided with this paper. The images in 1a and 1e were created with Biorender.com.