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. 2023 Jun 8;14:3362. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38967-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a The primary y-axis indicates bedform turnover timescale, T_t, and the secondary y-axis indicates prevailing flow duration, T_f, when bedform disequilibrium number, T^∗, is set as 0.1¹³, and T_f of 6 modern rivers are given for comparison (references in Supplementary Information); b the primary y-axis indicates unit discharge, Q, and the secondary y-axis indicates bankfull discharge, Q_bf, when channel width is set as 55 m, the average for the Pennant Formation²⁸.